Wikipedia

Music group formed in 1958

The Bee Gees were a music group formed in 1958, featuring brothers Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb. The three were particularly successful as a popular music act in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and late as outstanding performers of the disco music era in the mid- to late 1970s. The group sang recognizable three-part fast harmonies ; Robin ‘s clear vibrato lead vocals were a authentication of their earlier hits, while Barry ‘s R & B falsetto became their key signature voice during the mid- to late 1970s and 1980s. The Bee Gees wrote all of their own hits, american samoa well as write and producing several major hits for early artists. The Bee Gees have occasionally been referred to as The Disco Kings. [ 4 ] Born on the Isle of Man to English parents, the Gibb brothers lived in Chorlton, Manchester, England until the former 1950s. There, in 1955, they formed the skiffle / rock and roll group the Rattlesnakes. The class then moved to Redcliffe, in the Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia, late to Cribb Island. After achieving their beginning chart success in Australia as the Bee Gees with “ Spicks and Specks “ ( their twelfth single ), they returned to the UK in January 1967, when manufacturer Robert Stigwood began promoting them to a worldwide hearing. The Bee Gees ‘ Saturday Night Fever soundtrack ( 1977 ) was the turning bespeak of their career, with both the film and soundtrack having a cultural impact throughout the world, enhancing the disco scene ‘s mainstream solicitation. They won five Grammy Awards for Saturday Night Fever, including Album of the Year.

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The Bee Gees have sold over 120 million records cosmopolitan ( with estimates equally high as over 220 million ), making them among the best-selling music artists of all time. [ 5 ] They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 ; [ 6 ] the presenter of the award to “ Britain ‘s First Family of Harmony “ was Brian Wilson, historic drawing card of the Beach Boys, another “ syndicate act ” featuring three harmonising brothers. [ 7 ] The Bee Gees ‘ Hall of Fame citation says, “ only Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks and Paul McCartney have outsold the Bee Gees. ” [ 8 ] With nine # 1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 The Bee Gees are the third-most successful band in Billboard charts history behind only The Beatles and The Supremes. [ 9 ] Following Maurice ‘s sudden death in January 2003 at the historic period of 53, Barry and Robin retired the group ‘s name after 45 years of activity. In 2009, Robin announced that he and Barry had agreed that the Bee Gees would re-form and perform again. [ 10 ] Robin died in May 2012, aged 62, after a drawn-out period of failing health, leaving Barry as the only surviving extremity of the group. [ 11 ]

history [edit ]

1955–1966 : music origins, Bee Gees constitution and popularity in Australia [edit ]

Born on the Isle of Man during the late 1940s, the Gibb brothers moved to their church father Hugh Gibb ‘s hometown of Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Greater Manchester, England in 1955. They formed a skiffle /rock-and-roll group, the Rattlesnakes, which consisted of Barry on guitar and vocals, Robin and Maurice on vocals and friends Paul Frost on drums and Kenny Horrocks on tea-chest freshwater bass. In December 1957 the boys began to sing in harmony. The report is told that they were going to lip-sync to a record in the local Gaumont cinema ( as other children had done on previous weeks ), but as they were running to the dramaturgy, the delicate shellac 78-RPM record separate. The brothers had to sing live, but received such a plus reaction from the audience that they decided to pursue a sing career. [ 12 ] In May 1958 the Rattlesnakes disbanded when Frost and Horrocks left, so the Gibb brothers then formed Wee Johnny Hayes and the Blue Cats, with Barry as “ Johnny Hayes ”. [ 13 ] In August 1958, the Gibb family, including older sister Lesley and baby brother Andy ( born in March 1958 ), emigrated to Australia and settled in Redcliffe, Queensland, just northeast of Brisbane. The young brothers began performing to raise pocket money. Speedway promoter and driver Bill Goode, who had hired the brothers to entertain the push at the Redcliffe Speedway in 1960, introduced them to Brisbane radio-presenter jockey Bill Gates. The crowd at the speedway would throw money onto the track for the boys, who broadly performed during the time interval of meetings ( normally on the second of a hand truck that drove around the track ) and, in a deal with Goode, any money they collected from the crowd they were allowed to keep. Gates named the group the “ BGs ” ( late changed to “ Bee Gees ” ) after his, Goode ‘s and Barry Gibb ‘s initials. The name was not specifically a reference point to “ Brothers Gibb ”, despite democratic impression. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] During the future few years, they began working regularly at resorts on the Queensland coast. Through his songwriting, Barry sparked the pastime of australian star Col Joye, who helped the brothers get a recording distribute in 1963 with Festival Records subsidiary company Leedon Records under the name “ Bee Gees ”. The three released two or three singles a year, while Barry supplied extra songs to other australian artists. In 1962 the Bee Gees were chosen as the supporting act for Chubby Checker ‘s concert at the Sydney Stadium. [ 17 ] From 1963 to 1966, the Gibb family lived at 171 Bunnerong Road, Maroubra, in Sydney. [ 18 ] Just anterior to his death, Robin Gibb recorded the song “ Sydney ” about the brothers ‘ feel of live in that city. It was released on his posthumous album 50 St. Catherine’s Drive. [ 19 ] The firm was demolished in 2016. [ 20 ] A minor shoot in 1965, “ Wine and Women “, led to the group ‘s first LP, The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs. By 1966 festival Records was, however, on the verge of dropping them from the Leedon roll because of their perceive lack of commercial success. At this time the brothers met the American-born songwriter, producer and entrepreneur Nat Kipner, who had equitable been appointed A & R coach of a newfangled independent tag, Spin Records. Kipner concisely took over as the group ‘s coach and successfully negotiated their transfer to Spin in exchange for granting Festival the australian distribution-rights to the group ‘s recordings. [ 21 ] Through Kipner the Bee Gees met engineer-producer, Ossie Byrne, who produced ( or co-produced with Kipner ) many of the earlier Spin recordings, most of which were cut at his own little, self-built St Clair Studio in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville. Byrne gave the Gibb brothers virtually unlimited access to St Clair Studio over a period of respective months in mid-1966. [ 22 ] The group late acknowledged that this enabled them to greatly improve their skills as recording artists. During this generative time they recorded a large batch of original material—including the sung that became their first major hit, “ Spicks and Specks ” ( on which Byrne played the trumpet finale ) —as well as cover versions of current hits by overseas acts such as the Beatles. They regularly collaborated with other local anesthetic musicians, including members of beat band Steve & The Board, led by Steve Kipner, Nat ‘s adolescent son. [ 23 ] Frustrated by their miss of success, the Gibbs began their reelect journey to England on 4 January 1967, with Ossie Byrne travelling with them. While at ocean in January 1967, the Gibbs learned that Go-Set, Australia ‘s most popular and influential music newspaper, had declared “ Spicks and Specks ” the “ Best Single of the year ”. [ 24 ]

1967–1969 : International fame and tour years [edit ]

Bee Gees’ 1st, Horizontal and Idea [edit ]

The Bee Gees in 1967 ( left to right : Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb, Vince Melouney, Maurice Gibb and Colin Petersen ) Before their departure from Australia to England, Hugh Gibb sent demonstration to Brian Epstein, who managed the Beatles and directed NEMS, a british music storehouse. Epstein passed the show tapes to Robert Stigwood, who had recently joined NEMS. [ 25 ] After an audition with Stigwood in February 1967, the Bee Gees signed a five-year condense whereby Polydor Records would release their records in the UK, and Atco Records would do sol in the US. Work cursorily began on the group ‘s foremost international album, and Stigwood launched a promotional campaign to coincide with its unblock. [ 26 ] Stigwood proclaimed that the Bee Gees were “ The most meaning newfangled melodious endowment of 1967 ”, thus initiating the comparison of the Bee Gees to the Beatles. Before recording the first album, the group expanded to include Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney. [ 27 ] “ New York Mining Disaster 1941, ” their second british single ( their first-issued UK 45 revolutions per minute was “ Spicks and Specks ” ), was issued to radio stations with a blank ashen label listing alone the song championship. Some DJs immediately assumed this was a new single by the Beatles and started playing the song in heavy rotation. This helped the birdcall ascent into the top 20 in both the UK and US. [ 28 ] No such trickery was needed to boost the Bee Gees ‘ future single, “ To Love Somebody “, into the US Top 20. primitively written for Otis Redding, “ To Love person ”, a soulful ballad sing by Barry, has since become a start standard covered by many artists. [ 29 ] Another individual, “ Holiday “, released in the US, peaked at No. 16. [ 30 ] The parent album, Bee Gees 1st ( their first gear internationally ), peaked at No. 7 in the US and No. 8 in the UK. Bill Shepherd was credited as the organizer. After recording that album, the group recorded their beginning BBC school term at the Playhouse Theatre, Northumberland Avenue, in London, with Bill Bebb as the producer, and they performed three songs. That session is included on BBC Sessions: 1967–1973 ( 2008 ). [ 31 ] After the free of Bee Gees’ 1st, the group was first introduced in New York as “ the English surprise. ” [ 32 ] At that clock, the band made their beginning british television receiver appearance on Top of the Pops. Maurice recalled :

Jimmy Savile was on it and that was amazing because we ‘d seen pictures of him in the Beatles fan club book, so we thought we were very there ! That show had Lulu, us, the Move, and the Stones doing ‘ Let ‘s Spend the Night Together ‘. You have to remember this was very before the ace was invented so you were all in it in concert .

In late 1967, they began recording the moment album. On 21 December 1967, in a live circulate from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral for a Christmas television particular called How On Earth?, they performed their own song, “ Thank You For Christmas ” which was written particularly for the program, a well as a medley of the traditional Christmas carols “ dumb Night, ” “ The First Noel “ and “ Mary ‘s Boy Child “ ( the latter falsely noted as “ Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing “ on record boxes and subsequent release ). The songs were all pre-recorded on 1 December 1967 and the group lip-synched their performance. The recordings were finally released on the “ Horizontal ” reprint bonus disk in 2008. The folk group the Settlers and Radio 1 disk-jockey, Kenny Everett, besides performed on the program which was presented by the Reverend Edward H. Patey, dean of the cathedral. [ 34 ] January 1968 began with a promotional tripper to the US. Los Angeles Police were on alert in anticipation of a Beatles-type reception, and particular security arrangements were being put in home. [ 27 ] In February, Horizontal repeated the achiever of their first album, featuring the group ‘s first UK No. 1 single “ Massachusetts “ ( a No. 11 US collision ) and the No. 7 UK single “ World. ” [ 35 ] The sound of the album Horizontal had a more “ rock ” sound than their former dismissal, although ballads like “ And the Sun Will Shine “ and “ actually and sincerely “ were besides outstanding. The Horizontal album reached No. 12 in the US and No. 16 in the UK. [ citation needed ] With the let go of of Horizontal, they besides embarked on a scandinavian go with concerts in Copenhagen. Around the same meter, the Bee Gees turned down an offer to write and perform the soundtrack for the film Wonderwall, according to director Joe Massot. On 27 February 1968, the band, backed by the 17-piece Massachusetts String Orchestra, began their first base enlistment of Germany with two concerts at Hamburg Musikhalle. In March 1968, the set was supported by Procol Harum ( who had a long-familiar stumble “ A Whiter Shade of Pale “ ) on their german tour. [ 36 ] As Robin ‘s collaborator Molly Hullis recalls : “ Germans were wilder than the fans in England at the heights of Beatlemania. ” The tour agenda took them to 11 venues in angstrom many days with 18 concerts played, finishing with a brace of shows at the Stadthalle, Braunschweig. After that, the group was off to Switzerland. As Maurice described it :

There were over 5,000 kids at the airport in Zurich. The entire ride to Bern, the kids were waving Union Jacks. When we got to the hotel, the patrol were n’t there to meet us and the kids crushed the car. We were inside and the windows were all getting smashed in, and we were on the floor .

On 17 March, the band performed “ Words ” on The Ed Sullivan Show. The early artists who performed on that night ‘s appearance were Lucille Ball, George Hamilton and Fran Jeffries. [ 37 ] On 27 March 1968, the set performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London .
Twien in 1968 The Bee Gees performing on Dutch televisionin 1968 Two more singles followed in early 1968 : the ballad “ Words “ ( No. 8 UK, No. 15 US ) and the double A-sided individual “ Jumbo “ backed with “ The Singer Sang His song “. “ Jumbo ” lone reached No. 25 in the UK and No. 57 in the US. The Bee Gees felt “ The Singer Sang His song ” was the stronger of the two sides, an opinion shared by listeners in the Netherlands who made it a No. 3 reach. [ citation needed ] far Bee Gees chart singles followed : “ I ‘ve Got tantalum Get a message to You “, their second UK No. 1 ( No. 8 US ), and “ I Started a Joke “ ( No. 6 US ), both culled from the band ‘s third album Idea. [ 35 ] Idea reached No. 4 in the UK and was another peak 20 album in the US ( No. 17 ). [ 35 ] After the tour and television special to promote the album, Vince Melouney left the group, desiring to play more of a blues style music than the Gibbs were writing. Melouney did achieve one feat while with the Bee Gees : his composition “ such a pity “ ( from Idea ) is the only song on any Bee Gees album not written by a Gibb brother. [ citation needed ] The isthmus were due to begin a seven-week go of the US on 2 August 1968, but on 27 July, Robin collapsed and fell unconscious mind. He was admitted to a London nurse home plate suffering from nervous debilitation, and the american go was postponed. The band began recording their one-sixth album, which resulted in their spending a workweek recording at Atlantic Studios in New York. Robin, still feeling ailing, missed the New York sessions, but the rest of the band put away instrumental tracks and demonstration. [ 38 ]

Odessa, Cucumber Castle and break-up [edit ]

The Tom Jones Show in early 1969, one of the last performances with Robin as he left the group later in March The Bee Gees performing atin early 1969, one of the last performances with Robin as he left the group later in March By 1969, Robin began to feel that Stigwood had been favouring Barry as the frontman. [ 39 ] The Bee Gees ‘ performances in early 1969 on the Top of the Pops and The Tom Jones Show performing “ I Started a Joke ” and “ First of May ” as a medley was one of the final populate performances of the group with Robin. [ 40 ] Their following album, which was to have been a concept album called Masterpeace, evolved into the double-album Odessa. Most rock critics felt this was the best bee Gees album of the 1960s with its progressive rock find on the entitle chase, the country-flavoured “ Marley Purt Drive “ and “ Give Your Best “, and ballads such as “ Melody Fair “ and “ First of May “ ( the last of which became the entirely individual from the album and a UK # 6 hit ). Feeling the flipside, “ Lamplight, ” should have been the A-side, Robin quit the group in mid-1969 and launched a solo career. [ citation needed ] The first of many Bee Gees compilations, Best of Bee Gees, was released featuring the non-LP single “ Words “ plus the australian hit “ Spicks and Specks “. The single “ Tomorrow Tomorrow “ was besides released and was a control shoot in the UK, where it reached No. 23, but it was only No. 54 in the US. The compilation reached the top 10 in both the UK and the US. [ 35 ] While Robin pursued his solo career, Barry, Maurice and Petersen continued on as the Bee Gees recording their adjacent album, Cucumber Castle. The band made their introduction performance without Robin at Talk of the Town. They had recruited their sister, Lesley, into the group at this time. To accompany the album, they besides filmed a television receiver extra with Frankie Howerd and cameo from several early contemporary pop and rock stars, which aired on the BBC in December 1970. Petersen played drums on the tracks recorded for the album but was fired from the group after filming began ( he went on to form the Humpy Bong with Jonathan Kelly ). His parts were edited out of the final cut of the film and Pentangle drummer Terry Cox was recruited to complete the recording of songs for the album. [ citation needed ] [ 41 ] After the album was released in early 1970, it seemed that the Bee Gees were finished. The leadoff one, “ Do n’t Forget to Remember “, was a big hit in the UK, reaching No. 2, but only reached No. 73 in the US. The adjacent two singles, “ I.O.I.O. “ and “ If I only Had My Mind on Something Else “, barely scraped the charts. On 1 December 1969, Barry and Maurice parted ways professionally. [ 42 ] Maurice started to record his foremost solo album, The Loner, which was not released. interim, he released the single “ Railroad “ and starred in the West End musical Sing a Rude Song. [ 43 ] In February 1970, Barry recorded a solo album which never saw official release either, although “ I ‘ll Kiss Your Memory “ was released as a individual backed by “ This Time ” without much sake. [ 44 ] meanwhile, Robin saw success in Europe and Australia with his No. 2 hit “ Saved by the Bell “ and the album Robin’s Reign. [ citation needed ]

1970–1974 : reformation [edit ]

The Midnight Special in 1973 The Bee Gees performing atin 1973 In mid 1970, according to Barry, “ Robin rang me in Spain where I was on holiday [ saying ] ‘let ‘s do it again ‘ ”. By 21 August 1970, after they had reunited, Barry announced that the Bee Gees “ are there and they will never, ever share again ”. Maurice said, “ We precisely discussed it and re-formed. We want to apologise publicly to Robin for the things that have been said. ” [ 13 ] Earlier, in June 1970, Robin and Maurice recorded a twelve songs before Barry joined and included two songs that were on their reunion album. [ 45 ] Around the lapp clock time, Barry and Robin were about to publish the book On the Other Hand. [ 13 ] They besides recruited Geoff Bridgford as the group ‘s official drummer. Bridgford had previously worked with the Groove and Tin Tin and played drums on Maurice ‘s unreleased first solo album. [ 46 ] In 1970, 2 Years On was released in October in the US and November in the UK. The conduct unmarried “ lonely Days “ reach No. 3 in the United States, promoted by appearances on The Johnny Cash Show, Johnny Carson ‘s Tonight Show, The Andy Williams Show, The Dick Cavett Show and The Ed Sullivan Show. [ 13 ] Their ninth album, Trafalgar, was released in late 1971. The single “ How Can You Mend a Broken Heart “ was their first to hit No. 1 on the US charts, while “ Israel “ reached No. 22 in the Netherlands. “ How Can You Mend a Broken Heart ” besides brought the Bee Gees their foremost Grammy Award nominating speech for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. Later that year, the group ‘s songs were included in the soundtrack for the film Melody. [ citation needed ] In 1972, they hit No. 16 in the US with the non-album single “ My World “, backed by Maurice ‘s composition “ On Time “. Another 1972 single, “ Run to Me “ from the LP To Whom It May Concern, returned them to the UK peak 10 for the first base prison term in three years. [ 35 ] On 24 November 1972, the ring headlined the “ Woodstock of the West ” festival at the Los Angeles Coliseum ( which was a West Coast answer to Woodstock in New York ), which besides featured Sly and the Family Stone, Stevie Wonder and the Eagles. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] besides in 1972, the group sang “ Hey Jude “ with Wilson Pickett. [ 49 ] By 1973, however, the Bee Gees were in a estrus. The album Life in a Tin Can, released on Robert Stigwood ‘s newly formed RSO Records, and its lead-off single, “ Saw a New Morning “, sold ill with the individual top out at No. 94. This was followed by an unreleased album ( known as A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants ). A second compilation album, Best of Bee Gees, Volume 2, was released in 1973, although it did not repeat the success of volume 1. On 6 April 1973 sequence of The Midnight Special they performed “ Money ( That ‘s What I Want ) “ with Jerry Lee Lewis. [ 50 ] besides in 1973, they were invited by Chuck Berry to perform two songs with him onstage at The Midnight Special : “ Johnny B. Goode “ [ 51 ] and “ Reelin ‘ and Rockin ‘ “. [ 52 ] After a enlistment of the United States in early 1974 and a canadian tour later in the year, [ 53 ] the group ended up playing modest clubs. [ 54 ] As Barry joked, “ We ended up in, have you ever heard of Batley ‘s the variety club in ( West Yorkshire ) England ? “. [ 55 ] On the advice of Ahmet Ertegun, capitulum of their US label Atlantic Records, Stigwood arranged for the group to record with soul music producer Arif Mardin. The resulting LP, Mr. Natural, included fewer ballads and foreshadowed the R & B commission of the rest of their career. When it, excessively, failed to attract much interest, Mardin encouraged them to work within the soul music style. The brothers attempted to assemble a exist stage band that could replicate their studio apartment sound. jumper cable guitarist Alan Kendall had come on board in 1971 but did not have much to do until Mr. Natural. For that album, they added drummer Dennis Bryon, and they late added ex- Strawbs keyboard musician Blue Weaver, completing the Bee Gees band that lasted through the former ’70s. Maurice, who had previously performed on piano, guitar, harpsichord, electric piano, organ, mellotron and bass guitar, ampere well as mandolin and Moog synthesizer, by then confined himself to bass onstage. [ citation needed ]

1975–1979 : turn to disco [edit ]

Main Course and Children of the World [edit ]

Bee Gees ‘ wordmark logo ( 1975–81 ) At Eric Clapton ‘s suggestion, the brothers moved to Miami, Florida, early in 1975 to record at Criteria Studios. After starting off with ballads, they finally heeded the cheer of Mardin and Stigwood, and crafted more dance-oriented disco songs, including their second US No. 1, “ jive Talkin ‘ “, along with US No. 7 “ Nights on Broadway “. The band liked the resulting newfangled reasoned. This time the populace agreed by sending the LP Main Course up the charts. This album included the first Bee Gees songs wherein Barry used falsetto, [ 56 ] something that became a trademark of the band. This was besides the first Bee Gees album to have two US top-10 singles since 1968 ‘s Idea. [ citation needed ] Main Course besides became their first base graph R & B album. [ citation needed ] On the Bee Gees ‘ appearance on The Midnight Special in 1975, to promote Main Course, they sang “ To Love person ” with Helen Reddy. [ 57 ] Around the same meter, the Bee Gees recorded three Beatles covers— ” Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight “, “ She Came in Through the Bathroom Window “ with Barry providing lead vocals, and “ Sun King “ with Maurice providing lead vocals, for the unsuccessful musical/documentary All This and World War II. [ 58 ] The following album, Children of the World, released in September 1976, was filled with Barry ‘s new-found falsetto and Weaver ‘s synthesizer disco licks. [ citation needed ] The beginning unmarried from the album was “ You Should Be Dancing “, which features percussion section work by musician Stephen Stills. [ 59 ] The song pushed the Bee Gees to a level of stardom they had not previously achieved in the US, though their new R & B/disco sound was not as popular with some traditionalist fans. The pop ballad “ Love So Right “ reached No. 3 in the US, and “ Boogie Child “ reached US No. 12 in January 1977. [ 60 ] The album peaked at No. 8 in the US. [ 61 ]

Saturday Night Fever and Spirits Having Flown [edit ]

Following a successful survive album, Here at Last… Bee Gees… Live, the Bee Gees agreed with Stigwood to participate in the creation of the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack. It was the turning point of their career. The cultural shock of both the movie and the soundtrack was seismic throughout the world, prolonging the disco scenery ‘s mainstream solicitation. [ citation needed ] The band ‘s interest in the film did not begin until post-production. As John Travolta asserted, “ The Bee Gees were n’t even involved in the movie in the begin … I was dancing to Stevie Wonder and Boz Scaggs. ” [ 62 ] Producer Robert Stigwood commissioned the Bee Gees to create the songs for the movie. [ 63 ] The brothers wrote the songs “ virtually in a single weekend ” at Château d’Hérouville studio apartment in France. [ 62 ] Barry Gibb remembered the reaction when Stigwood and music supervisor Bill Oakes arrived and listened to the demonstration :

They flipped out and said these will be capital. We however had no concept of the movie, except some kind of crude script that they ‘d brought with them. … You ‘ve got to remember, we were fairly dead in the water at that point, 1975, somewhere in that zone—the Bee Gees ‘ sound was basically tire. We needed something new. We had n’t had a hit record in about three years. So we felt, Oh Jeez, that ‘s it. That ‘s our life sentence couple, like most groups in the belated ’60s. indeed, we had to find something. We did n’t know what was going to happen. [ 62 ]

Bill Oakes, who supervised the soundtrack, asserts that Saturday Night Fever did not begin the disco craze but rather prolonged it : “ Disco had run its course. These days, Fever is credited with kicking off the solid disco thing—it in truth did n’t. Truth is, it breathed new life into a genre that was actually dying. ” [ 62 ] Three Bee Gees singles— ” How Deep Is Your Love “ ( US No. 1, UK No. 3 ), “ Stayin ‘ active “ ( US No. 1, UK No. 4 ) and “ Night Fever “ ( US No. 1, UK No. 1 ) —charted high in many countries around the worldly concern, launching the most popular period of the disco earned run average. [ 35 ] They besides penned the sung “ If I Ca n’t Have You “, which became a US No. 1 hit for Yvonne Elliman, while the Bee Gees ‘ own version was the B-side of “ Stayin ‘ Alive ”. such was the popularity of Saturday Night Fever that two different versions of the song “ More Than a Woman “ received airplay, one by the Bee Gees, which was relegated to an album track, and another by Tavares, which was the strike. [ citation needed ] During a nine-month period beginning in the Christmas season of 1977, seven songs written by the brothers held the No. 1 position on the US charts for 27 of 37 consecutive weeks : three of their own releases, two for brother Andy Gibb, the Yvonne Elliman one, and “ Grease “, performed by Frankie Valli. [ citation needed ] Fuelled by the film ‘s success, the soundtrack broke multiple diligence records, becoming the highest-selling album in recording history to that point. With more than 40 million copies sold, Saturday Night Fever is among music ‘s acme five best selling soundtrack albums. As of 2010, it is calculated as the fourth highest-selling album worldwide. [ 64 ] In March 1978, the Bee Gees held the top two positions on the US charts with “ Night Fever ” and “ Stayin ‘ Alive ”, the beginning time this had happened since the Beatles. On the US Billboard Hot 100 graph for 25 March 1978, five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time : “ Night Fever ”, “ Stayin ‘ Alive ”, “ If I Ca n’t Have You ”, “ emotion ” and “ Love Is Thicker Than Water ”. such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964, when the Beatles had all five of the top five american english singles. Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number-one hits in the US, breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record. These songs were “ Stayin ‘ Alive ”, “ Love Is Thicker Than Water ”, “ Night Fever ” and “ If I Ca n’t Have You ”. [ citation needed ] The Bee Gees won five Grammy Awards for Saturday Night Fever over two years : album of the Year, Producer of the Year ( with Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson ), two awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ( one in 1978 for “ How Deep Is Your sleep together ” and one in 1979 for “ Stayin ‘ Alive ” ), and Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices for “ Stayin ‘ Alive ”. [ citation needed ] During this era, Barry and Robin besides wrote “ Emotion “ for an honest-to-god supporter, australian singer Samantha Sang, who made it a top 10 murder, with the Bee Gees singing back vocals. Barry besides wrote the title song to the film interpretation of the Broadway musical Grease for Frankie Valli to perform, which went to No. 1. [ citation needed ] The Bee Gees besides co-starred with Peter Frampton in Robert Stigwood ‘s film Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ), loosely inspired by the classic 1967 album by the Beatles. The movie had been heavily promoted anterior to release and was expected to enjoy great commercial success. however, it was savaged by film critics as a confused mess and ignored by the public. Though some of its tracks charted, the soundtrack excessively was a high-profile flop. The individual “ Oh ! Darling “, credited to Robin Gibb, reached No. 15 in the US. [ 65 ] The Bee Gees ‘ follow-up to Saturday Night Fever was the Spirits Having Flown album. It yielded three more hits : “ besides much Heaven “ ( US No. 1, UK No. 3 ), “ calamity “ ( US No. 1, UK No. 1 ), and “ Love You Inside Out “ ( US No. 1, UK No. 13 ). [ 35 ] This gave the act six back-to-back No. 1 singles in the US within a year and a half, equalling the Beatles and surpassed merely by Whitney Houston. [ 66 ]

1980–1986 : outside projects, band convulsion, solo efforts and decline [edit ]

Robin co-produced Jimmy Ruffin ‘s Sunrise released in May 1980, but the songs were started in 1979 ; the album contains songs written by the Gibb brothers, including the single “ Hold On To My Love ”. [ 70 ] In March 1980, Barry Gibb worked with Barbra Streisand on her album Guilty. He co-produced, and wrote or co-wrote all nine of the album ‘s tracks ( four of them written with Robin, and the entitle track with both Robin and Maurice ). Barry besides appeared on the album ‘s blanket with Streisand and duetted with her on two tracks. The album reached No. 1 in both the US and the UK, as did the individual “ Woman in Love “ ( written by Barry and Robin ), becoming Streisand ‘s most successful single and album to go steady. Both of the Streisand/Gibb duets, “ Guilty “ and “ What Kind of Fool “, besides reached the US Top 10. [ citation needed ] In 1981, the Bee Gees released the album Living Eyes, their last full-length album spill on RSO. This album was the beginning four hundred always played in public, when it was played to viewers of the BBC show Tomorrow’s World. [ 71 ] With the disco backlash still running strong, the album failed to make the UK or US Top 40—breaking their streak of lead 40 hits, which started in 1975 with “ swing Talkin ‘ “. Two singles from the album fared small better— ” He ‘s a Liar “, which reached No. 30 in the US, and “ Living Eyes “, which reached No. 45. [ citation needed ] In 1982, Dionne Warwick enjoyed a UK No. 2 and US Adult Contemporary No. 1 reach with her rejoinder one, “ Heartbreaker “, taken from her eponymous album written largely by the Bee Gees and co-produced by Barry Gibb. The album reached No. 3 in the UK and the clear 30 in the US, where it was certified Gold. A year by and by, Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers recorded the Bee Gees-penned track “ Islands in the Stream “, which became a US and australian No. 1 hit and entered the top 10 in the UK. Rogers ‘ 1983 album, Eyes That See in the Dark, was written wholly by the Bee Gees and co-produced by Barry. The album was a top 10 score in the US and was certified double Platinum. [ citation needed ] The Bee Gees had greater success with the soundtrack to Staying Alive in 1983, the sequel to Saturday Night Fever. The soundtrack was certified platinum in the US, and included their top 30 hit “ The Woman in You “. [ citation needed ] besides in 1983, the band was sued by Chicago songwriter Ronald Selle, who claimed the brothers stole melodic material from one of his songs, “ Let It End ”, and used it in “ How Deep Is Your love ”. At foremost, the Bee Gees lost the shell ; one juror said that a divisor in the jury ‘s decision was the Gibbs ‘ failure to introduce technical testimony rebutting the plaintiff ‘s adept testimony that it was “ impossible ” for the two songs to have been written independently. however, the verdict was overturned a few months late. [ 72 ] In August 1983, Barry signed a solo conduct with MCA Records and spent much of former 1983 and 1984 write songs for this first solo attempt, Now Voyager. [ 73 ] Robin released three solo albums in the 1980s, How Old Are You?, Secret Agent and Walls Have Eyes. Maurice released his second individual to go steady, “ Hold Her in Your Hand “, the first one having been released in 1970. [ citation needed ] In 1985, Diana Ross released the album Eaten Alive, written by the Bee Gees, with the title track co-written with Michael Jackson ( who besides performed on the path ). The album was again co-produced by Barry Gibb, and the single “ Chain Reaction “ gave Ross a UK and australian No. 1 hit. [ citation needed ]

1987–1999 : rejoinder, return to popularity and Andy ‘s death [edit ]

The Bee Gees released the album E.S.P. in 1987, which sold over 2 million copies. [ 74 ] It was their first base album in six years, and their first for Warner Bros. Records. The single “ You Win Again “ went to No. 1 in numerous countries, including the UK, [ 75 ] and made the Bee Gees the beginning group to score a UK No. 1 hit in each of three decades : the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. [ 76 ] The single was a disappointment in the US, charting at No. 75, and the Bee Gees voiced their frustration over american radio stations not playing their new european hit single, an omission which the group felt led to poor people sales of their stream album in the US. The song won the Bee Gees the 1987 British Academy ‘s Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, and in February 1988 the band received a Brit Award nomination for Best British Group. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] On 10 March 1988, younger brother Andy Gibb died, aged 30, as a consequence of myocardial inflammation, an inflammation of the affection brawn ascribable to a holocene viral infection. The Bee Gees later got together with Eric Clapton to create a group called ‘ the Bunburys ‘ to raise money for English charities. The group recorded three songs for The Bunbury Tails : “ We ‘re the Bunburys ” ( which finally became the open theme to the 1992 inspire series The Bunbury Tails ), “ Bunbury Afternoon ”, and “ Fight ( No Matter How Long ) ”. The last birdcall reached No. 8 on the rock music chart and appeared on The 1988 Summer Olympics Album. [ 79 ] The Bee Gees ‘ following album, One ( 1989 ), featured a song dedicated to Andy, “ Wish You Were here ”. The album besides contained their first US Top 10 hit ( No. 7 ) in a decade, “ One ” ( an Adult Contemporary No. 1 ). After the album ‘s publish, the ring embarked on its first world tour in 10 years. [ citation needed ] In the UK, Polydor issued a single-disc hits collection from Tales called The Very Best of the Bee Gees, which contained their biggest united kingdom hits. The album became one of their best-selling albums in that state, and was finally certify Triple Platinum. [ citation needed ]
The Bee Gees in Los Angeles in 1992 Following their next album, High Civilization ( 1991 ), which contained the UK top five score “ Secret Love “, the Bee Gees went on a european tour. After the enlistment, Barry Gibb began to struggle a dangerous back problem, which required operating room. In addition, he suffered from arthritis which, at one point, was so dangerous that it was doubtful that he would be able to play guitar for much longer. besides, in the early 1990s, Maurice Gibb finally sought discussion for his dipsomania, which he had battled for many years with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous. [ citation needed ] In 1993, the group returned to the Polydor label and released the album Size Isn’t Everything, which contained the UK circus tent five shoot “ For Whom the Bell Tolls ”. Success inactive eluded them in the US, however, as the beginning single released, “ Paying the Price of Love “, only managed to reach No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100, while the parent album stalled at No. 153. [ citation needed ] In 1997, they released the album Still Waters, which has reached No. 2 in the UK ( their highest album chart position there since 1979 ) and No. 11 in the US. The album ‘s first base single, “ alone “, gave them another UK Top 5 shoot and a peak 30 hit in the US. Still Waters was the band ‘s most successful US liberation of their post-RSO earned run average. [ 80 ] At the 1997 BRIT Awards held in Earls Court, London on 24 February, the Bee Gees received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. [ 81 ] On 14 November 1997, the Bee Gees performed a exist concert in Las Vegas called One Night Only. The prove included a performance of “ Our Love ( Do n’t Throw It All Away ) ” synchronised with a vocal music by their dead person brother Andy and a cameo appearance by Celine Dion singing “ Immortality “. The “ One Night only ” name grew out of the band ‘s announcement that, ascribable to Barry ‘s health issues, the Las Vegas appearance was to be the final live performance of their career. After the vastly positivist hearing reaction to the Vegas concert, Barry decided to continue despite the pain, and the concert expanded into their last full-blown universe tour of “ One Night lone ” concerts. [ page needed ] The go included playing to 56,000 people at London ‘s Wembley Stadium on 5 September 1998 and concluded in the newly built Olympic Stadium in Sydney, Australia on 27 March 1999 to 72,000 people. [ page needed ] In 1998, the group ‘s soundtrack for Saturday Night Fever was incorporated into a stage production produced first in the West end and then on Broadway. They wrote three new songs for the adaptation. besides in 1998, the brothers released “ Ellan Vannin “ for Manx charities, recorded the previous year. Known as the unofficial national hymn of the Isle of Man, the brothers performed the birdcall during their world go to reflect their pride in the place of their parentage. [ 82 ] The Bee Gees closed the hundred with what turned out to be their last full-sized concert, known as BG2K, on 31 December 1999. [ citation needed ]

2000–2008 : This Is Where I Came In and Maurice ‘s death [edit ]

In 2001, the group released what turned out to be their final examination album of new material, This Is Where I Came In. The album was another success, reaching the top 10 in the UK ( being certified Gold ), and the top 20 in the US. The style cut was besides a UK Top 20 hit single. [ 83 ] The last concert of the Bee Gees as a trio was at the Love and Hope Ball in 2002. [ 84 ] Maurice Gibb died by chance on 12 January 2003, at historic period 53, from a heart attack while awaiting emergency surgery to repair a strangulate intestine. [ 85 ] Initially, his surviving brothers announced that they intended to carry on the name “ Bee Gees ” in his memory, but as meter passed they decided to retire the group ‘s name, leaving it to represent the three brothers in concert. [ 86 ] The same workweek that Maurice died, Robin ‘s solo album Magnet was released. On 23 February 2003, the Bee Gees received the Grammy Legend Award, they besides became the first recipients of that award in the twenty-first century. Barry and Robin accepted deoxyadenosine monophosphate good as Maurice ‘s son, Adam, in a tearful ceremony. [ 87 ] In late 2004, Robin embarked on a solo tour of Germany, Russia and Asia. During January 2005, Barry, Robin and several legendary rock candy artists recorded “ Grief Never Grows Old ”, the official tsunami respite phonograph record for the Disasters Emergency Committee. Later that year, Barry reunited with Barbra Streisand for her top-selling album Guilty Pleasures, released as Guilty Too in the UK as a sequel album to the former Guilty. [ citation needed ] besides in 2004, Barry recorded his birdcall “ I Can not Give You My Love ” with Cliff Richard, which became a UK top 20 score single. [ 88 ] In February 2006, Barry and Robin reunited on stage for a Miami jacob’s ladder concert to benefit the Diabetes Research Institute. It was their first gear populace performance together since Maurice ‘s death. The couple besides played at the thirtieth annual Prince ‘s Trust Concert in the UK on 20 May 2006. [ 89 ]

2009–2012 : recurrence to performing and Robin ‘s death [edit ]

Barry and Robin performed on the BBC ‘s Strictly Come Dancing on 31 October 2009 [ 90 ] and appeared on ABC-TV ‘s Dancing with the Stars on 17 November 2009. [ 91 ] On 15 March 2010, Barry and Robin inducted the swedish group ABBA into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. [ 92 ] On 26 May 2010, the two made a storm appearance on the ninth-season finale of American Idol. On 20 November 2011 it was announced that Robin Gibb, at 61 years old, had been diagnosed with liver cancer, a condition he had become mindful of several months early. He had become perceptibly thinner in previous months and had to cancel several appearances due to severe abdominal annoyance. [ 93 ] Robin joined british military trio the Soldiers for the Coming Home charity concert on 13 February 2012 at the London Palladium, in patronize of injure servicemen. It was his beginning populace appearance for about five months and, as it turned out, his final examination one. [ 94 ] On 14 April 2012, it was reported that Robin had contracted pneumonia [ 95 ] in a Chelsea hospital and was in a coma. [ 96 ] Although he came out of his coma on 20 April 2012, his condition deteriorated quickly, [ 97 ] and he died on 20 May 2012 of liver and kidney failure. [ 98 ]

2013–present : Looking back at a life of music [edit ]

In September and October 2013, Barry performed his first solo tour “ in award of his brothers and a life of music ”. [ 99 ] In addition to the Rhino collection, The Studio Albums: 1967–1968, Warner Bros. released a box set in 2014 called The Warner Bros Years: 1987–1991 that included the studio albums E.S.P., One and High Civilization vitamin a well as extended mixes and B-sides. It besides included the band ‘s entire 1989 concert in Melbourne, Australia, available only on video as All for One anterior to this secrete. [ 100 ] The documentary The Joy of the Bee Gees was aired on BBC Four on 19 December 2014. [ 101 ] On 23 March 2015, 13STAR Records released a box set 1974–1979 which included the studio apartment albums Mr. Natural, Main Course, Children of the World and Spirits Having Flown. A one-fifth phonograph record called The Miami Years includes all the tracks from Saturday Night Fever a well as B-sides. No unreleased tracks from the earned run average were included. [ 102 ] After a suspension from performing, Barry Gibb returned to solo and guest whistle performances. He occasionally appears with his son, Steve Gibb. [ 103 ] In 2016, he released In the Now, his first gear alone feat since 1984 ‘s Now Voyager. It was the first release of newfangled Bee Gees-related music since the posthumous secrete of Robin Gibb ‘s 50 St. Catherine’s Drive. besides in 2016, Capitol Records signed a new distribution deal with Barry and the estates of his brothers for the Bee Gees catalogue, bringing their music binding to Universal. [ 104 ] A still-untitled biopic about the Bee Gees is in development at Paramount, with Kenneth Branagh lead and Barry Gibb serving as an executive manufacturer. [ 105 ] [ 106 ]

Influences [edit ]

The Bee Gees were influenced by the Beatles, the Everly Brothers, the Mills Brothers, Elvis Presley, the Rolling Stones, [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Roy Orbison, [ 109 ] the Beach Boys [ 110 ] and Stevie Wonder. [ 111 ] On the 2014 objective The Joy of the Bee Gees, Barry said that the Bee Gees were besides influenced by the Hollies and Otis Redding. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Maurice noted that Neil Sedaka was an early charm, [ 114 ] and late the group was “ identical influence ” by Linda Creed songs for the Stylistics. [ 115 ]

bequest [edit ]

In his 1980 Playboy magazine interview, John Lennon praised the Bee Gees, “ Try to tell the kids in the seventies who were screaming to the Bee Gees that their music was good the Beatles remake. There is nothing wrong with the Bee Gees. They do a blasted good job. There was nothing else going on then. ” [ 116 ] In a 2007 interview with Duane Hitchings, who co-wrote Rod Stewart ‘s 1978 disco song “ Da Ya Think I ‘m sexy ? “, he noted that the song was : [ 117 ]

a parody on guys from the ‘cocaine loiter lizards ‘ of the Saturday Night Fever days. We Rock and Roll guys thought we were dead kernel when that movie and the Bee Gees came out. The Bee Gees were brainy musicians and very dainty people. No big egos. Rod, in his magnificence, decided to do a spoof on disco. VERY smart man. There is no such thing as a “ dense ” super success in the music occupation. [ 117 ]

Kevin Parker of Tame Impala has said that listening to the Bee Gees after taking mushrooms inspired him to change the sound of the music he was making in his album Currents. [ 118 ] The English indie rock band the Cribs was besides influenced by the Bee Gees. Cribs extremity Ryan Jarman said : “ It must have had quite a big influence on us – crop up melodies is something we always revert to. I always want to get rear to pop melodies and I ‘m surely that ‘s due to that Bee Gees phase we went through ”. [ 119 ] Following Robin ‘s death on 20 May 2012, Beyoncé remarked : “ The Bee Gees were an early inspiration for me, Kelly Rowland and Michelle. We loved their songwriting and beautiful harmonies. Recording their classic birdcall, ‘Emotion ‘ was a special time for Destiny ‘s Child. sadly we lost Robin Gibb this week. My heart goes out to his brother Barry and the remainder of his family. ” [ 120 ] Singer Jordin Sparks remarked that her favored Bee Gees songs are “ excessively much Heaven ”, “ emotion ” ( although performed by Samantha Sang with Barry on the background vocals using his falsetto ), and “ Stayin ‘ Alive ”. [ 121 ] Carrie Underwood said, about discovering the Bee Gees during her childhood, “ My parents listened to the Bee Gees quite a bit when I was little, so I was decidedly exposed to them at an early age. They good had a sound that was all their own, obviously, [ it was ] never duplicated ”. [ 121 ]

Songwriting [edit ]

Everyone should be mindful that the Bee Gees are second only to Lennon and McCartney as the most successful songwriting unit of measurement in british popular music .

—Music historian Paul Gambaccini. [ 122 ]
At one indicate, in 1978, the Gibb brothers were responsible for writing and/or performing nine of the songs in the Billboard Hot 100. [ 123 ] In all, the Gibbs placed 13 singles onto the Hot 100 in 1978, with 12 making the top 40. The Gibb brothers are fellows of the british Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors ( BASCA ). [ 124 ] At least 2,500 artists have recorded their songs. [ 125 ] Singer-songwriter Gavin DeGraw spoke about the Bee Gees ‘ influence with their own music vitamin a well as their songwriting :

Let ‘s talk about the Bee Gees. That ‘s an iconic group. not merely a great band, but a capital group of songwriters. even long after the Bee Gees ‘ success on the pop charts, they were inactive writing songs for other people, huge hit songs. Their talent went far beyond their consequence of normal pop success. It is a loss to the music industry and a loss of an iconic group. The smasher of this industry is that we do pay protection and every artist coming up is a fan of a genesis anterior to it, so there ‘s a substantial custom element to it ”. [ 121 ]

In 2009, as partially of the Q150 celebrations, the Bee Gees were announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for their function as “ influential Artists ”. [ 126 ]

Accolades and achievements [edit ]

In 1978, following the success of Saturday Night Fever, and the single “ Night Fever ” in particular, Reubin Askew, the Governor of the US state of Florida, named the Bee Gees honorary citizens of the submit, since they resided in Miami at the meter. [ 127 ] In 1979, the Bee Gees got their asterisk on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. They were the subjects of This Is Your Life in 1991, when they were surprised by Michael Aspel while being interviewed by disk jockey Steve Wright ( DJ ) on his radio 1 program at BBC Broadcasting House. [ citation needed ] They were inducted in 1994 into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, a well as Florida ‘s Artists Hall of Fame in 1995, ARIA Hall of Fame in 1997. besides, in 1997, the Bee Gees were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2001, they were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. [ 128 ] After Maurice ‘s end, the Bee Gees were besides inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame in 2001, London ‘s Walk of Fame in 2006 and Musically Speaking Hall Of Fame in 2008. On 15 May 2007, the Bee Gees were named BMI Icons at the 55th annual BMI Pop Awards. jointly, Barry, Maurice and Robin Gibb have earned 109 BMI Pop, Country and Latin Awards. [ 129 ] In October 1999, the Isle of Man Post Office unveiled a determined of six stamps honouring the Bee Gees. [ 130 ] All three brothers ( including Maurice, posthumously ) were invested as Commanders of the Order of the british Empire in December 2001 with the ceremony taking place at Buckingham Palace on 27 May 2004. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] On 10 July 2009, the Isle of Man ‘s capital bestowed the Freedom of the Borough of Douglas respect on Barry and Robin, american samoa well as posthumously on Maurice. [ 133 ] On 20 November 2009, the Douglas Borough Council released a limited edition commemorative DVD to mark their naming as Freemen of the Borough. [ 134 ] On 14 February 2013, Barry Gibb unveiled a statue of the Bee Gees, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as unveiling “ Bee Gees Way ” ( a walk filled with photos and videos of the Bee Gees ), in honor of the Bee Gees in Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] On 27 June 2018, Barry Gibb, the final exist member of the Bee Gees, was knighted by Prince Charles after being named on the Queen ‘s New Years Honours List. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] The statue of Bee Gees in Douglas, Isle of Man, was installed in 2021. The Bee Gees have sold over 120 million records cosmopolitan, [ 5 ] with estimates equally senior high school as 220 million. [ 141 ] The discrepancy is due to the fact that many of their albums were never re-certified by RIAA, such as Spirits Having Flown, which is certified platinum ( 1 million ) in the U.S., but estimates in the U.S. alone are around 6 million and astir to 30 million cosmopolitan. [ 142 ]

Awards and nominations [edit ]

Queensland Music Awards [edit ]

The Queensland Music Awards ( previously known as Q Song Awards ) are annual awards celebrating Queensland, Australia ‘s brightest emerging artists and established legends. They commenced in 2006. [ 151 ]

Year

Nominee / work

Award

Result (wins only)

2009[152]

themselves

Grant McLennan Lifetime Achievement Award

awarded

Band members [edit ]

Timeline
Timeline of touring members

discography [edit ]

Soundtracks Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) and Staying Alive ( 1983 ) are not official Bee Gees albums, but contain some previously unreleased tracks. apart from live and compilation, all their official albums are included on this number. A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants has not been included on the list because it only appeared on numerous bootlegs and was not formally released. [ citation needed ]

Studio albums

Concert tours [edit ]

Filmography [edit ]

Videography