President of the People's Republic of China

ceremonial office and nominal de jure Head of State of China
“ President of the PRC ” redirects here. For the leader of Guernsey, see President of the Policy and Resources Committee
The president of the People’s Republic of China is the fountainhead of express of the People ‘s Republic of China. The role of the president alone is largely ceremony with limited power. [ 2 ] however, as a matter of conventionality, the presidency is held simultaneously by the cosmopolitan secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, who besides serves as the president of the Central Military Commission, thus is much the overriding drawing card of China.

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The presidency is officially regarded as an institution of the state preferably than an administrative post ; Under the constitution, the president serves at the pleasure of the National People ‘s Congress ( NPC ), the highest organ of country ability and the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on his own prerogative. [ bill 1 ] The presidency was beginning established in the fundamental law in 1954 and successively held by Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi. Liu fell into political shame during the Cultural Revolution, after which the presidency became vacant. The presidency was abolished under the Constitution of 1975, then reinstated in the constitution of 1982, but with shrink powers. The official English-language translation of the title was “ Chairman “ ; after 1982, this translation was changed to “ President “, although the chinese style remains unchanged. [ note 2 ] When the current Constitution was adopted in 1982, the presidency was largely ceremonial, with the Premier serve as the heading of government and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China serving as the political leader of the party ; three posts were held by different individuals in the 1980s. That said, in reality political power was concentrated in the Paramount drawing card, who controlled the Party and the military from “ behind the scenes ” without holding any of the three posts. however, presidents Li Xiannian ( 1983–1988 ) and Yang Shangkun ( 1988–1993 ) were not elementary figureheads, but actually significant players in the highest leadership, with their powers deriving from their status of being amongst the Eight Elders, quite than the office of president. [ 3 ] Since 1993, apart from brief periods of transition, the exceed drawing card of China simultaneously serves as the president of the united states, the drawing card of the party ( as General Secretary ), and the commander-in-chief of the military ( as the chair of the Central Military Commission ). This individual then carries out unlike duties under discriminate titles. For example, the drawing card meets alien dignitaries and receives ambassadors in his capacity as president, issues military directives as Chairman of the Central Military Commission ( CMC ), and upholds party rule as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ). During the Mao earned run average, there were no term limits for the presidency. between 1982 and 2018, the constitution stipulated that the president of the united states could not serve more than two straight terms. In 2018, term limits were abolished, without changing its powers. The current president is Xi Jinping, who took office in March 2013, replacing Hu Jintao. He was re-elected in March 2018 .

Qualifications and election [edit ]

According to the stream united states constitution of China, the president of the united states must be a taiwanese citizen with fully electoral rights who has reached the age of 45. The president is elected by the National People ‘s Congress ( NPC ), China ‘s highest state body, which besides has the baron to remove the president and other state of matter officers from office. Elections and removals are decided by majority vote. [ 4 ] According to the Organic Law of the NPC, the president is nominated by the NPC Presidium, the Congress ‘s executive organ. [ 5 ] In practice, however, the ruling Chinese Communist Party reserves the military post of president of the united states for its stream cosmopolitan repository since 1990s. Like all officers of state elected by the NPC, the president is elected from a one name ballot. between 1982 and March 2018, the president of the united states and vice-president were limited to two straight terms. [ 6 ] however these limits were removed at the 2018 National People ‘s Congress. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]

Powers and duties [edit ]

Under the current constitution, instated in 1982 with minor revisions in late years, the president of the united states has the ability to promulgate laws, choose and dismiss the chancellor ( flower minister ) deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as the ministers of the State Council, allow presidential pardons, declares a country of emergency, offspring mass mobilization orders, and issue state honours. In addition, the president of the united states names and dismisses ambassadors to foreign countries, signs and revoke treaties with foreign entities. According to the Constitution, all of these powers require the approval or confirmation of the National People ‘s Congress. The president besides conducts state visits on behalf of the People ‘s Republic. Under the united states constitution the “ state of matter travel to “ clause is the alone presidential power that does not stipulate any class of oversight from the National People ‘s Congress. As the huge majority of presidential powers are dependent on the ratification of the NPC, the president is, in perfume, a symbolic post without any direct say in the government of state. It is therefore conceived to chiefly function as an emblematic mental hospital of the state preferably than an office with true executive powers. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] In hypothesis, the president of the united states has discretion over the survival of the premier, though in drill the chancellor has historically been selected through the top-level discussions of the Chinese Communist Party. Upon the nominating speech of the premier, the NPC convenes to confirm the nominating speech, but since only one name is on the ballot, it can alone approve or reject. To date, it has never rejected a personnel department nominating speech. [ 10 ] Since the premier, the forefront of government in China, is the most authoritative political appointment in the chinese government, the nomination office, under some circumstances, may give the president actual political influence. [ 11 ] therefore, the style “ President ” in this case does not mean the lapp as in the United States or other presidential states, but quite as an approximation in terms of its power compared with parliamentary systems. The president of the united states besides has multiple modes of transports which he/she controls and can alter at any fourth dimension. By plane The history of transporting heads of state dates back to the time of CAAC Airlines. Lower officials would be transported in a CAAC Boeing 707. Chairman Mao Zedong had a personal Ilyushin Il-18 which he used on his visits. After he died, the aircraft was withdrawn from avail and preserved at an aviation museum in China. In the 1970s, the position of chinese president was abolished, but Mao Zedong and Hua Guofeng were Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party successively. With the presentation of the Boeing 747, officials started using the CAAC Boeing 747SP for external trips. After the CAAC was split up into six in 1988, the 747s were handed over to Air China, and officials continued using 747SPs under the CA livery. When Jiang Zemin came into exponent and succeeded as Party General Secretary in 1989, the 747SPs were permanently returned to passenger service, and 747-400s were utilized. They were used throughout the function of Jiang, Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping. The 747-400s in the first place belong to Air China, but one calendar month before the president goes on an official travel, the chosen plane is specifically inspect and retrofitted for VIP use. After the president of the united states returns to Beijing, the 747-400 is inspected and converted binding to passenger configurations. In the 2010s a Boeing 747-8 painted in the CA livery was seen around the world, under the forge rego B-2479 and the real rego B-2485. Rumours spread, saying this would be China ‘s modern Air Force One. In 2016 it was seen landing in Hamburg for VIP configuration, and since then, it has been on loan to the chinese Government from Air China for use by the president of the united states. Although no official photos have been released, the inside is thought to have a far more lavish interior, including league tables, seating for the press, secret bedrooms, and other features. After the 747-8 was introduced, the 747-400s now carry ministers and serve as decoy aircraft. On some occasions, an Air China Boeing 737 has even been used for conveyance. In the late 2010s, the president started importing his own presidential car on foreign trips. For this reason, an Air China Boeing 747 cargo aircraft is used for transportation of freight. In order not to confuse air travel traffic see between a convention CA flight and a flight carrying a chinese government member, all aircraft carrying government people fly under the callsign CA1 to CA100, since normal CA flights fly under the callsign CA101 and above .

political ranking [edit ]

For 2nd President Liu Shaoqi, he was besides the first Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, ranked second in the Chinese Communist Party, behind CCP Chairman Mao Zedong. [ 12 ] For President Li Xiannian, he was besides the fifth graded member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, after CCP general repository and chinese prime minister. [ 13 ] For President Yang Shangkun, he was not a member of CCP Politburo Standing Committee, but he ranked third base after CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and CMC Chairman Deng Xiaoping. [ 14 ] Since Jiang Zemin, the president of the united states is besides the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, ranking first in party and submit. [ 15 ]

club of succession [edit ]

article 84 of the Constitution of China. If the function of president of the united states falls vacant, then the vice-president succeeds to the function. If both offices fall vacant, then the president of the NPC Standing Committee temporarily acts as president until the NPC can elect a modern president of the united states and vice-president. [ 16 ]

Post title [edit ]

The title of the office ( 国家主席, Guójiā Zhǔxí ) was unaltered in the taiwanese text, but a new english translation of “ President of the People ‘s Republic of China ” has been adopted since 1982, alternatively of “ Chairman of the People ‘s Republic of China ” .

history [edit ]

establishment in 1954 [edit ]

The position of State Chairman ( the original English transformation, as noted above ) was first established under the 1954 Constitution. The ceremony powers of the function were largely identical to those in the current Constitution. [ 17 ] The powers of the 1954 office differed from those of the current office in two areas : military and governmental. The state president ‘s military powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows : “ The Chairman of the People ‘s Republic of China commands the armed forces of the state, and is Chairman of the National Defence Council ( chinese : 国防委员会 ). ” [ 18 ] The National Defence Council was alone to the 1954 Constitution, and was mandated as the civil command for the People ‘s Liberation Army. It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution. The country chair ‘s governmental powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows : “ The Chairman of the People ‘s Republic of China, whenever necessity, convenes a Supreme State Conference ( chinese : 最高国务会议 ) and acts as its president. ” The members of the Supreme State Conference included the main officers of state, and its views were to be presented to the main organs of submit and politics, including the National People ‘s Congress and the State and National Defense Councils. [ 19 ] The Supreme State Conference was besides singular to the 1954 Constitution. It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution and late Constitutions have not included a similar body .

History up to 1974 [edit ]

CCP Chairman Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman. He was elected at the founding seance of the National People ‘s Congress in 1954. At the 2nd NPC in 1959, Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi, first frailty president of the Communist Party. Liu was reelected as State Chairman at the 3rd NPC in Jan 1965. however, in 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party vice chair. A few months later Liu was obviously placed under theater check, and after a prolong office struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on 31 October 1968, including the post of State Chairman. This was in violation of the Constitution, which required a vote by the NPC to remove the state president. [ citation needed ] After Liu ‘s removal in 1968, the office of State Chairman was vacant. From 1972 to 1975, however, state media referred to Vice State Chairman Dong Biwu as “ acting state president. “ [ citation needed ]

abolition in 1975 [edit ]

When the 4th NPC was convened in 1975, its main act was to adopt a new Constitution which eliminated the office of State Chairman and emphasized alternatively the leadership of the Communist Party over the country, including an article that made the CCP Chairman Supreme Commander of the PLA in concurrence as Chairman of the party CMC. [ 20 ] The 5th NPC was convened two years early, in 1978, and a one-third Constitution was adopted, which besides lacked the position of State Chairman. The office was ultimately reinstated in the fourth Constitution, adopted by the fifth school term of the fifth NPC in 1982 .

renovation in 1982 [edit ]

In the 1982 Constitution, the president was conceived of as a figurehead of state with actual state exponent rest in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party, premier of the State Council and the chair of the Central Military Commission, and all four posts were designed to be held by break people. The president consequently held child responsibilities such as greeting foreign dignitaries and signing the appointment of embassy staff, and did not intervene in the affairs of the State Council or the party. In the original 1982 Constitution plan, the party would develop policy while the state would execute it. The original finish was to divide state power in order to prevent a cult of personality from forming as it did with the case of Mao Zedong. therefore in 1982, although Deng Xiaoping was reckoned as the country ‘s “ overriding drawing card, ” he was one of four independent leaders–Hu Yaobang, the party general repository ; Zhao Ziyang, the premier ; Li Xiannian, the president of the united states ; and Deng, the president of the Central Military Commission. The current political structure of Vietnam is exchangeable to the structure China followed in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the experiment of separating party and department of state posts, which led to conflict between Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, was terminated. In 1993, the post of President was taken by Jiang Zemin, who as General Secretary of the CCP and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, became the undisputed top drawing card of the party and the state. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] When Jiang Zemin stepped down in 2003, the offices of General Secretary and President were once again both given to one man, then– Vice-President Hu Jintao, the first base vice-president to assume the office. In turn, Hu vacated both offices for Xi Jinping in 2012 and 2013. [ 23 ] On March 11, 2018, the National People ‘s Congress, by a vote of 2,958 in favor, two opposed and three abstain, passed a built-in amendment that allowed the President to serve an outright number of five-year terms. This was widely interpreted as contribution of an expansion of Xi ‘s power, effectively making him overriding drawing card and president for life sentence. [ 8 ] Xi explained the decision in terms of needing to align the presidency with his more brawny posts of General Secretary of the Party and CMC Chairman, which do not have term limits. [ 24 ]

list of heads of state [edit ]

timeline [edit ]

other heads of express [edit ]

Statistics [edit ]

#	President	Date of birth	Age at ascension (first term)	Time in office (total)	Age at retirement (last term)	Date of death	Longevity
1	Zedong, MaoMao Zedong	1893122626 December 1893 ( 26 December 1893 )	60 27560 years, 275 days	04 2124 years, 212 days	64 12264 years, 122 days	197609099 September 1976	30,20782 years, 258 days
2	Shaoqi, LiuLiu Shaoqi	1898112424 November 1898 ( 24 November 1898 )	60 15460 years, 154 days	09 1879 years, 187 days	69 34269 years, 342 days	1969111212 November 1969	25,92070 years, 353 days
Presidency vacant
acting	Biwu, DongDong Biwu	188603055 March 1886 ( 5 March 1886 )	85 35685 years, 356 days	02 3272 years, 327 days	88 31888 years, 318 days	197504022 April 1975	32,53489 years, 28 days
acting	Ching-ling, SoongSoong Ching-ling	1893012727 January 1893 ( 27 January 1893 Read more: Krabi News – Krabi Directory )	83 16183 years, 161 days	01 2421 year, 242 days	85 03785 years, 37 days	1981052929 May 1981	32,26388 years, 122 days
Presidency abolished
3	Xiannian, LiLi Xiannian	1909062323 June 1909 ( 23 June 1909 )	73 36073 years, 360 days	04 2954 years, 295 days	78 29078 years, 290 days	1992062121 June 1992	30,31482 years, 364 days
4	Shangkun, YangYang Shangkun	190708033 August 1907 ( 3 August 1907 )	80 25080 years, 250 days	04 3524 years, 352 days	85 23685 years, 236 days	1998091414 September 1998	33,28091 years, 42 days
5	Zemin, JiangJiang Zemin	1926081717 August 1926 ( 17 August 1926 )	66 22266 years, 222 days	09 3539 years, 353 days	76 21076 years, 210 days	Living	34,83895 years, 139 days (Living)
6	Jintao, HuHu Jintao	1942122121 December 1942 ( 21 December 1942 )	60 08460 years, 84 days	09 36410 years, 0 days	70 08470 years, 84 days	Living	28,86879 years, 13 days (Living)
7	Jinping, elevenXi Jinping	1953061515 June 1953 ( 15 June 1953 )	59 years, 272 days	8 years, 295 days (Ongoing)	Incumbent	Living	25,03968 years, 202 days (Living)

spouse of the president [edit ]

Since the first president of the united states, six presidents have had a spouse during term of office. The current spouse is Peng Liyuan, wife of President Xi Jinping .

See besides [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

^ The presidency is listed as such in the current constitution ; it is therefore equivalent to organs such as the State Council, rather than to offices such as that of the premier .
^zhǔxí while the Presidents of other countries are termed zǒngtǒng. Furthermore zhǔxí continues to have the meaning of “chairman” in a generic context. Incidentally, the President of the ROC is termed zǒngtǒng. In Chinese the President of the PRC is termedwhile the Presidents of other countries are termed. Furthermorecontinues to have the mean of “ chair ” in a generic context. incidentally, the President of the ROC is termed