Philippines - Wikipedia

state in Southeast Asia
“ filipino ” redirects here. For the township in the Netherlands, see Philippine, Netherlands Coordinates :
The Philippines ( ; Filipino : Pilipinas ), [ 13 ] formally the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ), [ vitamin d ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, and consists of about 7,640 islands, that are broadly categorized under three main geographic divisions from union to south : Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest, and shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia and Brunei to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq secret intelligence service ) and, as of 2020, had a population of around 109 million people, making it the earth ‘s twelfth-most populous state. The Philippines is a multinational state, with diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands. Manila is the state ‘s capital, while the largest city is Quezon City, both lying within the urban area of Metro Manila.

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Negritos, some of the archipelago ‘s earliest inhabitants, were followed by consecutive waves of austronesian peoples. adoption of Animism, Hinduism and Islam established island-kingdoms called Kedatuans, Rajahnates and Sultanates. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a portuguese internet explorer leading a fleet for Spain, marked the begin of spanish colonization. In 1543, spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in award of Philip II of Spain. spanish colony through Mexico, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming function of the spanish empire for more than 300 years. During this time, Catholicism became the prevailing religion, and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began, which then became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, while Filipino rebels declared the First Philippine Republic. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States establishing control over the district, which they maintained until the japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. Following dismissal, the Philippines became freelancer in 1946. Since then, the unitary sovereign country has often had a disruptive experience with democracy, which included the upset of a dictatorship by the People Power Revolution. It is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialize state, which has an economy transitioning from being based on agriculture to being based more on services and manufacture. The Philippines is a establish member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the East Asia Summit. The Philippines ‘ status as an island country on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the country prone to earthquakes and typhoons. The state has a kind of natural resources and a globally significant level of biodiversity. This low-lying island geography makes the country vulnerable to climate change, increasing risk from typhoons and sea floor rise .

etymology

spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar “ Felipinas “ after Philip II of Spain, then the Prince of Asturias. His eventual reign was the zenith of the global ranging spanish Empire. finally the identify “ Las Islas Filipinas “ would be used to cover the archipelago ‘s spanish possessions. Before spanish convention was established, early names such as Islas del Poniente ( Islands of the West ) and Magellan ‘s mention for the islands, San Lázaro, were besides used by the spanish to refer to islands in the area. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the constitution of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War ( 1898 ) and the Philippine–American War ( 1899–1902 ) until the Commonwealth menstruation ( 1935–1946 ), American colonial authorities referred to the state as The Philippine Islands, a translation of the spanish name. [ 19 ] The United States began the serve of changing the address to the country from The Philippine Islands to The Philippines, specifically when it was mentioned in the Philippine Autonomy Act or the Jones Law. [ 20 ] The full official championship, Republic of the Philippines, was included in the 1935 fundamental law as the list of the future freelancer state, [ 21 ] it is besides mentioned in all succeeding constitutional revisions. [ 22 ] [ 23 ]

history

Prehistory ( pre–900 )

There is evidence of early hominins living in what is now the Philippines ampere early as 709,000 years ago. [ 24 ] A humble number of bones from Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, Homo luzonensis, that lived approximately 50,000 to 67,000 years ago. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The oldest modern human remains found on the islands are from the Tabon Caves of Palawan, U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago. [ 27 ] The Tabon Man is presumably a Negrito, who were among the archipelago ‘s earliest inhabitants, descendants of the inaugural human migrations out of Africa via the coastal road along southerly Asia to the now dip landmasses of Sundaland and Sahul. [ 28 ] The first base Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the Batanes Islands and northerly Luzon from Taiwan. From there, they quickly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] This population assimilated with the existing Negritos resulting in the mod Filipino ethnic groups which display respective ratios of genetic admixture between Austronesian and Negrito groups. [ 31 ] Genetic signatures besides indicate the potential migration of Austroasiatic, Papuan, and South asian people. [ 32 ] Jade artifacts have been found dated to 2000 BC, [ 34 ] with the lingling-o jade green items crafted in Luzon made using naked materials originating from Taiwan. [ 35 ] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups : hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and port principalities. [ 36 ]

early states ( 900–1565 )

The earliest sleep together surviving written commemorate found in the Philippines is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. [ 37 ] By the 1300s, a numeral of the large coastal settlements had emerged as trade centers, and became the focal luff of social changes. [ 38 ] Some polities had exchanges with other states across Asia. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ excessive citations ] Trade with China is believed to have begun during the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty. [ 44 ] By the 2nd millennium CE, some filipino polities sent delegations participating in the feeder system of China. [ 39 ] indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, began to spread within the Philippines during the tenth hundred, likely via the Hindu Majapahit empire. [ 42 ] [ 38 ] [ 46 ] By the fifteenth century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there. [ 47 ] Polities founded in the Philippines from the 10th–16th centuries include Maynila, [ 48 ] Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i. [ 49 ] The early polities were typically made up of three-tier social social organization : a nobility class, a course of “ freemen ”, and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Among the nobility were leaders called “ Datus “, creditworthy for ruling autonomous groups called “ barangay “ or “ dulohan ”. [ 38 ] When these barangays banded together, either to form a larger liquidation [ 38 ] or a geographically easy alliance group, [ 39 ] the more think of among them would be recognized as a “ overriding datu ”, [ 38 ] [ 36 ] raja, or sultan [ 50 ] which headed the community state. [ 51 ] Warfare developed and escalated during the 14th to 16th centuries [ 52 ] and throughout these periods population density is thought to have been low. [ 53 ] The Luções from Luzon then had economic and military influence in South, Southeast and East Asia. [ 54 ] In 1521, portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the area, claimed the islands for Spain, and was then killed by Lapulapu ‘s fighters at the Battle of Mactan. [ 55 ]

colonial rule ( 1565–1946 )

spanish artillery along the walls of Intramuros to protect the city from local anesthetic revolts and foreign invaders colonization began when spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] : 20–23 In 1571, spanish Manila became the capital of the spanish East Indies, [ 58 ] which encompassed spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] The spanish successfully invaded the different local anesthetic states by employing the principle of separate and suppress, [ 61 ] bringing most of what is now the Philippines into a single mix administration. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Disparate barangays were measuredly consolidated into towns, where catholic missionaries were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. [ 64 ] : 53, 68 [ 65 ] From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as depart of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, late administered from Madrid following the Mexican War of Independence. [ 66 ] Manila was the western hub of the trans-Pacific deal. [ 67 ] Manila galleons were constructed in Bicol and Cavite. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] During its principle, Spain quelled respective autochthonal revolts, [ 70 ] adenine well as defending against external military challenges. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] spanish forces included soldiers from elsewhere in New Spain, many of whom deserted and intermingled with the wide population. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Immigration blurred the racial caste system [ 64 ] : 98 [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Spain maintained in towns and cities. [ 78 ] War against the dutch from the West, in the seventeenth century, in concert with conflict with the Muslims in the South closely bankrupted the colonial treasury. [ 79 ] government of the filipino islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain, [ 71 ] and there were debates to abandon it or trade it for other territory. however, this was opposed due to economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the islands and the wall region. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the spanish Crown, [ 71 ] which averaged 250,000 uruguayan peso [ 82 ] and was normally paid through the planning of 75 tons of silver bullion being sent from the Americas. [ 83 ] british forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the Seven Years ‘ War, with spanish govern restored through the 1763 Treaty of Paris. [ 57 ] : 81–83 The spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista. [ 84 ] The Spanish–Moro battle lasted for several hundred years. In the last draw of the nineteenth century, Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and Jolo, [ 85 ] and the Moro Muslims in the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized spanish reign. [ 86 ] [ 87 ]
Ilustrados in Spain formed the Filipinoin Spain formed the Propaganda Movement. Photographed in 1890. In the nineteenth hundred, Philippine ports opened to global trade and shifts started occurring within Filipino society. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] The latin american wars of independence and renewed immigration led to shifts in social identity, with the term Filipino shifting from referring to Spaniards hold in the Philippines to a term encompassing all people in the archipelago. This identity lurch was driven by affluent families of blend ancestry, to which it became a national identity. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were executed on decrepit pretences. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] This would inspire a propaganda motion in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was finally executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously been firm to Spain. [ 95 ] As attempts at reform met with resistor, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the belligerent privy club called the Katipunan, who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt. [ 96 ] The Katipunan started the filipino Revolution in 1896. [ 97 ] Internal disputes led to an election in which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the newfangled drawing card of the revolution. [ 98 ] : 145–147 In 1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato brought about the expatriate of the revolutionary leadership to Hong Kong. In 1898, the Spanish–American War began and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. [ 64 ] : 112–113 The First Philippine Republic was established on January 21, 1899. [ 99 ]
The islands had been ceded by Spain to the United States aboard Puerto Rico and Guam as a resultant role of the latter ‘s victory in the Spanish–American War. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the First Philippine Republic, the Philippine–American War broke out. [ 102 ] The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, by and large due to famine and disease. [ 103 ] After the defeat of the First Philippine Republic, an american civilian government was established. [ 104 ] american english forces continued to secure and extend their command over the islands, suppressing an attempted annex of the Philippine Republic, [ 98 ] : 200–202 [ 105 ] securing the Sultanate of Sulu, [ 106 ] and establishing control over department of the interior cragged areas that had resisted spanish conquest. [ 107 ] cultural developments strengthened the continuing exploitation of a national identity, [ 108 ] [ 109 ] and Tagalog began to take priority over other local languages. [ 64 ] : 121 governmental functions were gradually devolved to Filipinos under the Taft Commission [ 110 ] and in 1935 the Philippines was granted Commonwealth condition with Manuel Quezon as president of the united states and Sergio Osmeña as vice president. [ 111 ] Quezon ‘s priorities were defense, social judge, inequality and economic diversification, and national character. [ 110 ] Tagalog was designated the national language, [ 112 ] women ‘s right to vote was introduced, [ 113 ] and land reform mooted. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] During World War II the Japanese Empire invaded [ 116 ] and the Second Philippine Republic, under Jose P. Laurel, was established as a creature state. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] From 1942 the japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground guerrilla activity. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the Bataan Death March and the Manila slaughter. [ 122 ] [ 123 ] Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the founding members of the United Nations. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent state through the Treaty of Manila, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ]

Postcolonial period ( 1946–present )

Efforts to end the Hukbalahap Rebellion began during Elpidio Quirino ‘s term, [ 130 ] however, it was only during Ramon Magsaysay ‘s presidency that the campaign was suppressed. [ 131 ] Magsaysay ‘s successor, Carlos P. Garcia, initiated the Filipino First Policy, [ 132 ] which was continued by Diosdado Macapagal, with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12, the date of Emilio Aguinaldo ‘s resolution, [ 133 ] [ 134 ] and pastime of a title on the eastern part of North Borneo. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to Ferdinand Marcos. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated numerous infrastructure projects [ 137 ] but, in concert with his wife Imelda, was accused of corruptness and embezzling billions of dollars in populace funds. [ 138 ] Nearing the end of his term, Marcos declared martial police on September 21, 1972. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] This period of his dominion was characterized by political repression, censoring, and human rights violations. [ 141 ] On August 21, 1983, Marcos ‘ chief rival, enemy leader Benigno Aquino Jr., was assassinated on the tarmacadam at Manila International Airport. Marcos called a centering presidential election in 1986. [ 142 ] Marcos was proclaimed the winner, but the results were widely regarded as deceitful. [ 143 ] The resulting protests led to the People Power Revolution, [ 144 ] which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to Hawaii, and Aquino ‘s widow, Corazon Aquino, was installed as president of the united states. [ 142 ] [ 145 ]
The reelect of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, and coup d’etat attempts. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] A communist insurgency [ 148 ] [ 149 ] and a military conflict with Moro separatists persisted, [ 150 ] while the administration besides faced a serial of disasters, including the sink of the MV Doña Paz in December 1987, [ 151 ] and the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. [ 152 ] [ 153 ] Aquino was succeeded by Fidel V. Ramos, whose economic performance, at 3.6 % increase rate, [ 154 ] [ 155 ] was overshadowed by the onset of the 1997 asian fiscal crisis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Ramos ‘ successor, Joseph Estrada, was overthrown by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and succeeded by his frailty president of the united states, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, on January 20, 2001. [ 158 ] Arroyo ‘s 9-year administration was marked by economic growth, [ 159 ] but was tainted by graft and political scandals. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] On November 23, 2009, 34 journalists and several civilians were killed in Maguindanao. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] economic increase continued during Benigno Aquino III ‘s government, which pushed for beneficial government and foil. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] In 2015, a collide which took place in Mamasapano, Maguindanao killed 44 members of the Philippine National Police – particular Action Force, resulting in efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law reaching an blind alley. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Former Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte won the 2016 presidential election, becoming the first president of the united states from Mindanao. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] Duterte launched an anti-drug campaign [ 170 ] [ 171 ] and an infrastructure broadcast. [ 172 ] [ 173 ] The execution of the Bangsamoro Organic Law led to the creation of the autonomous Bangsamoro region in Mindanao. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reached the country [ 176 ] [ 177 ] causing the gross domestic merchandise to shrink by 9.5 %, the area ‘s worst annual economic performance since records began in 1947. [ 178 ]

Geography and environment

topography of the Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago composed of about 7,640 islands, [ 179 ] [ 180 ] covering a total area, including inland bodies of water, of around 300,000 feather kilometers ( 115,831 sq secret intelligence service ), [ 181 ] [ 182 ] with cadastral view data suggesting it may be larger. [ 183 ] Its 36,289 kilometers ( 22,549 myocardial infarction ) coastline gives it the world ‘s fifth-longest coastline. [ 184 ] The EEZ of the Philippines covers 2,263,816 km2 ( 874,064 sq michigan ). [ 185 ] It is located between 116° 40 ‘, and 126° 34 ‘ E longitude and 4° 40 ‘ and 21° 10 ‘ N latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east, [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the South China Sea to the west, [ 188 ] and the Celebes Sea to the south. [ 189 ] The island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers southwest, [ 190 ] and Taiwan is located immediately to the north. Sulawesi is located to the southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands. [ 191 ] [ 192 ] The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It measures up to 2,954 meters ( 9,692 foot ) above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao. [ 193 ] Running east of the archipelago, the Philippine Trench extendes 10,540-metre ( 34,580 foot ) down at the Emden Deep. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon, measuring about 520 kilometers ( 320 mi ). [ 197 ] Manila Bay, [ 198 ] upon the prop up of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay, [ 199 ] the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River. [ 200 ] The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, which runs 8.2 kilometers ( 5.1 security service ) clandestine through a karst landscape before reaching the ocean, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. [ 201 ]
Mayon is an active stratovolcano, located in the south of the island of Luzon Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences patronize seismic and volcanic natural process. [ 202 ] The Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an submarine region active voice in tectonic subduction. [ 203 ] Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though most are besides weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake. [ 204 ] There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. [ 205 ] The bang of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 produced the moment largest tellurian outbreak of the twentieth century. [ 206 ] The Philippines is the world ‘s second-biggest geothermal department of energy producer behind the United States, with 18 % of the country ‘s electricity needs being met by geothermal power. [ 207 ] The country has valuable [ 208 ] mineral deposits as a leave of its complex geological structure and high gear level of seismic activity. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] The Philippines are thought to have the second-largest aureate deposits after South Africa, along with a large amount of copper deposits, [ 211 ] and the global ‘s largest deposits of palladium. [ 212 ] other minerals include chromite, nickel, and zinc. Despite this, a miss of police enforcement, hapless management, opposition due to the presence of autochthonal communities, and by instances of environmental price and calamity, have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped. [ 211 ] [ 213 ]

biodiversity

The Philippine Eagle is endemic to the forests of the country. The Philippines is a megadiverse country. [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines ; dipterocarp, beach forest, ache afforest, molave forest, lower montane forest, upper montane or moss-grown forest, mangroves, and ultrabasic forest. [ 216 ] As of 2021, the Philippines has only 7 million hectares of forest cover left, according to official estimates ( roughly 23 % of the country ‘s total land area ), though experts contend that the actual figure is likely much lower. [ 217 ] Deforestation, frequently the leave of illegal log, is an acute trouble in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70 % of the Philippines ‘s full farming sphere in 1900 to about 18.3 % in 1999. [ 218 ] Around 1,100 farming vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 243 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the rate of indigenousness for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise. [ 221 ] Parts of its nautical waters contain the highest diverseness of shorefish species in the global. [ 222 ] large reptiles include the Philippine crocodile [ 223 ] and seawater crocodile. [ 224 ] The largest crocodile in captivity, known locally as Lolong, was captured in the southerly island of Mindanao, [ 225 ] and died on February 10, 2013, from pneumonia and cardiac apprehension. [ 226 ] The national bird, known as the Philippine eagle, has the longest body of any eagle ; it broadly measures 86 to 102 curium ( 2.82 to 3.35 foot ) in length and weighs 4.7 to 8.0 kg ( 10.4 to 17.6 pound ). [ 227 ] [ 228 ] The Philippine eagle is character of the family Accipitridae and is endemic to the rainforests of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao. [ 229 ] The Philippines has the third base highest count of endemic birds in the world ( behind Indonesia and Australia ) with 243 endemics. luminary birds include the Celestial monarch, flame-templed babbler, Red-vented cockatoo, Whiskered pitta, Sulu hornbill, Rufous hornbill, Luzon bleeding-heart and the Flame-breasted fruit dive. [ 220 ]
filipino maritime waters encompass arsenic much as 2,200,000 squarely kilometers ( 849,425 sq mi ) producing unique and divers marine life, [ 230 ] an authoritative part of the Coral Triangle, a district shared with other countries. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] The entire issue of corals and marine pisces species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively. [ 219 ] New records [ 233 ] [ 234 ] and species discoveries continue. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] [ 237 ] The Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993. [ 238 ] Philippine waters besides sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds. [ 239 ] One species of oyster, Pinctada maxima, produces pearls that are naturally fortunate in color. [ 240 ] Pearls have been declared a “ National Gem ”. [ 241 ] With an estimated 13,500 implant species in the state, 3,200 of which are unique to the islands, [ 219 ] Philippine rainforests boast an array of plant, [ 242 ] including many rare types of orchids [ 243 ] and rafflesia. [ 244 ] many species are endangered and scientists say that Southeast Asia, which the Philippines is share of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20 % by the end of the twenty-first hundred due in part to habitat loss resulting from deforestation. [ 245 ]

climate

The Philippines has a tropical nautical climate that is normally hot and humid. There are three seasons : a hot dry season or summer from March to May ; a showery season from June to November ; and a cool dry temper from December to February. The southwest monsoon lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon from November to April. Temperatures normally range from 21 °C ( 70 °F ) to 32 °C ( 90 °F ). The coolest calendar month is January ; the warmest is May. [ 246 ] The average annually temperature is about 26.6 °C ( 79.9 °F ). In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor, and temperatures at sea horizontal surface tend to be in the like scope. Altitude normally has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters ( 4,900 foot ) above sea floor is 18.3 °C ( 64.9 °F ), making it a popular address during hot summers. [ 246 ] Annual rain measures equally much as 5,000 millimeters ( 200 in ) in the mountainous east slide segment but less than 1,000 millimeters ( 39 in ) in some of the shelter valleys. [ 247 ] Sitting astride the typhoon belt, the islands experience 15–20 typhoons per annum from July to October, [ 247 ] with around nineteen typhoons [ 248 ] entering the Philippine area of province in a distinctive class and eight or nine making landfall. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] Historically typhoons were sometimes referred to as baguios. [ 251 ] The wettest commemorate typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters ( 87 in ) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911. [ 252 ] The Philippines is highly exposed to climate change and is among the earth ‘s ten countries that are most vulnerable to climate change risks. [ 253 ]

Government and politics

The Philippines has a democratic government in the form of a constitutional democracy with a presidential system. [ 254 ] The President functions as both pass of department of state and point of government [ 255 ] and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. [ 254 ] The president is elected by democratic vote for a one six-year term, [ 256 ] during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet. [ 257 ] : 213–214 Rodrigo Duterte was elected to a six-year term as president in 2016. [ 168 ] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper firm, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term. [ 258 ] Philippine politics tends to be dominated by those with well-known names, such as members of political dynasties or celebrities. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Senators are elected at bombastic [ 258 ] while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation. [ 257 ] : 162–163 The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officeholder and fourteen associate justices, [ 261 ] all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. [ 254 ] The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both within the single urban sphere of Metro Manila. [ 262 ] There have been attempts to change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government since the Ramos administration. [ 263 ] There is a significant measure of corruptness in the Philippines, [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 266 ] which some historians attribute to the system of government put in place during the spanish colonial period. [ 267 ]

extraneous relations

As a establish and active voice penis of the United Nations, [ 268 ] the state has been elected to the Security Council. [ 269 ] Carlos P. Romulo was a former President of the United Nations General Assembly. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] The country is an active participant in peacekeeping missions, peculiarly in East Timor. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Over 10 million Filipinos survive and function overseas. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] The Philippines is a initiation and active member of ASEAN ( Association of Southeast Asian Nations ). [ 276 ] It has hosted several summits and is an active subscriber to the direction and policies of the bloc. [ 277 ] [ 278 ] It is besides a member of the East Asia Summit ( EAS ), [ 279 ] the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ), the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement. [ 280 ] The nation is besides seeking to obtain perceiver status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. [ 281 ] [ 282 ] The Philippines has a long relationship with the United States, covering economics, security, and people-to-people relations. [ 283 ] A common defense treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and supplemented subsequently with the 1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. [ 284 ] The Philippines supported american policies during the Cold War and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] In 2003 the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally. [ 287 ] Under President Duterte ties with the United States have weakened [ 288 ] with military purchases alternatively coming from China and Russia, [ 289 ] [ 290 ] while Duterte states that the Philippines will nobelium longer participate in any US-led wars. [ 291 ] In 2021, it was revealed the United States would defend the Philippines including the South China Sea. [ 292 ] The Philippines attaches great importance in its relations with China, and has established meaning cooperation with the country. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] [ 298 ] Japan is the biggest bilateral subscriber of official development aid to the nation. [ 299 ] [ 300 ] [ 301 ] Although diachronic tensions exist due to the events of World War II, much of the animosity has faded. [ 302 ] Historical and cultural ties continue to affect relations with Spain. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the eminent number of Filipinos working in these countries, [ 305 ] and by issues relating the Muslim minority in the Philippines. [ 306 ] Concerns have been raised regarding issues such as domestic misuse and war affecting [ 307 ] [ 308 ] the around 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region. [ 309 ] The Philippines has claims in the Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The largest of its see islands in Thitu Island, which contains the Philippine ‘s smallest greenwich village. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] The Scarborough Shoal draw in 2012, where China took control of the shoal from the Philippines, led to an external arbitration lawsuit [ 312 ] and has made the shoal a big symbol in the broad quarrel. [ 313 ]

military

The Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) dwell of three branches : the Philippine Air Force, the filipino Army, and the Philippine Navy. [ 314 ] The Armed Forces of the Philippines are a volunteer power. [ 315 ] civilian security is handled by the Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and local Government ( DILG ). [ 316 ] [ 317 ] In Bangsamoro, the largest breakaway organizations, the Moro National Liberation Front and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front were engaging the government politically as of 2007. [ 318 ] [ needs update ] other more belligerent groups like the Abu Sayyaf have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago. [ 320 ] [ 321 ] [ 322 ] [ 323 ] Their bearing decreased due to successful security system provided by the philippine government. [ 324 ] [ 325 ] The Communist Party of the Philippines and its military wing, the New People ‘s Army, have been waging guerrilla war against the government since the 1970s, reaching its vertex in 1986 when Communist guerrillas gained control of a fifth of the country ‘s territory, before significantly dwindling militarily and politically after the tax return of majority rule in 1986. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] As of 2018, $ 2.843 billion, [ 328 ] or 1.1 percentage of GDP is spent on military forces. [ 329 ]

administrative divisions

The Philippines is governed as a unitary express, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( BARMM ), [ 330 ] although there have been respective steps towards decentralization within the one framework. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] A 1991 law devolved some powers to local governments. [ 333 ] The country is divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 146 cities, 1,488 municipalities, and 42,036 barangays. [ 334 ] Regions early than Bangsamoro serve primarily to organize the provinces of the state for administrative convenience. [ 335 ] As of 2015, Calabarzon was the most populate region while the National Capital Region ( NCR ) the most densely populate. [ 336 ]
administrative map of the Philippines

Demographics

The Commission on Population estimated the state ‘s population to be 107,190,081 as of December 31, 2018, based on the latest population census of 2015 conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority. [ 339 ] The population increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45 % growth in that time frame. [ 340 ] The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685. [ 341 ] A third base of the population resides in Metro Manila and its immediately neighbor regions. [ 342 ] The 2.34 % median annual population growth rate between 1990 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.90 % for the 2000–2010 menstruation. [ 343 ] Government attempts to reduce population growth have been a contentious return. [ 344 ] The population ‘s median age is 22.7 years with 60.9 % aged from 15 to 64 years old. [ 6 ] Life anticipation at birth is 69.4 years, 73.1 years for females and 65.9 years for males. [ 345 ] Poverty incidence dropped to 21.6 % in 2015 from 25.2 % in 2012. [ 346 ] Metro Manila is the most populous of the 3 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines [ 347 ] and the 5th most populous in the world. [ 348 ] Census datum from 2015 showed it had a population of 12,877,253 constituting about 13 % of the national population. [ 349 ] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ( Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal ) of Greater Manila, the population is around 23,088,000. [ 348 ] Across the state, the Philippines has a total urbanization rate of 51.2 percentage. [ 349 ] Metro Manila ‘s gross regional merchandise was estimated as of 2009 to be ₱ 468.4 billion ( at constant 1985 prices ) and accounts for 33 % of the nation ‘s GDP. [ 350 ] In 2011 Manila ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban agglomeration in the global and the 2nd in Southeast Asia. [ 351 ]

heathen groups

Dominant cultural groups by province There is hearty cultural diverseness with the Philippines, a product of the seas and mountain ranges dividing the archipelago along with significant extraneous influences. [ 255 ] According to the 2010 census, 24.4 % of Filipinos are Tagalog, 11.4 % Visayans/Bisaya ( excluding Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray ), 9.9 % Cebuano, 8.8 % Ilocano, 8.4 % Hiligaynon, 6.8 % Bikol, 4 % Waray, and 26.2 % are “ others ”, [ 6 ] [ 352 ] which can be broken down further to yield more clear-cut non-tribal groups like the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Pangasinense, the Ibanag, and the Ivatan. [ 353 ] There are besides autochthonal peoples [ 354 ] like the Igorot, [ 355 ] the Lumad, [ 356 ] the Mangyan, [ 357 ] the Bajau, [ 358 ] and the tribe of Palawan. [ 359 ] [ 360 ] Negritos are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands. [ 361 ] These minority aboriginal settlers are an Australoid group and are a left-over from the first human migration out of Africa to Australia, and were likely displaced by later waves of migration. [ 362 ] At least some Negritos in the Philippines have Denisovan admixture in their genomes. [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Ethnic Filipinos by and large belong to several Southeast Asian heathen groups classified linguistically as part of the austronesian or malayo-polynesian speak people. [ 354 ] There is some doubt over the origin of this austronesian public speaking population, with it being likely that ancestors related to taiwanese aborigines brought their terminology and desegregate with existing populations in the sphere. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] The Manobo and Sama heathen groups have ancestral affinity with the Austroasiatic Mlabri and Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. South asian ancestry was besides detected with Filipinos and peaking among the Dilaut people. There was besides a westward expansion of Papuan lineage from Papua New Guinea to Eastern Indonesia and Mindanao detected among the Blaan and Sangir. [ 32 ] european deoxyribonucleic acid is present in many Filipinos today. [ 367 ] A craniometric learn reveals that samples taken from graveyards across the Philippines show a mean ratio of european descent of circa 6 %. [ 368 ] Under spanish rule there was besides immigration from elsewhere in the empire, particularly from Latin America. [ 369 ]
A map that shows all ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines. chinese Filipinos are largely the descendants of immigrants from Fujian in China after 1898, [ 370 ] numbering around 2 million, although there are an calculate 20 percentage of Filipinos who have fond Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial and colonial chinese migrants. [ 371 ] While a discrete minority, chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society. [ 255 ] [ 372 ] As of 2015, there were 220,000 to 600,000 american citizens living in the country. [ 373 ] There are besides improving to 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Angeles, Manila, and Olongapo. [ 374 ] other important non-indigenous minorities include Indians [ 375 ] and Arabs. [ 376 ] There are besides japanese people, which include scat Christians ( Kirishitan ) who fled the persecutions of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu which the spanish empire in the Philippines had offered mental hospital from. [ 377 ] The descendants of mixed-race couples are known as Tisoy. [ 378 ]

Languages

Ethnologue lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no long have any know speakers. Most native languages are depart of the Philippine arm of the malayo-polynesian languages, which is itself a arm of the austronesian speech family. [ 354 ] [ 380 ] In summation, diverse Spanish-based creole varieties jointly called Chavacano exist. [ 381 ] There are besides many Philippine Negrito languages that have alone vocabularies that survived austronesian socialization. [ 382 ] Filipino and English are the official languages of the country. [ 383 ] Filipino is a standardize version of Tagalog, spoken chiefly in Metro Manila. [ 384 ] Both Filipino and English are used in government, department of education, print, air media, and business, with third local languages much being used at the same time. [ 385 ] The philippine constitution provides for the promotion of spanish and Arabic on a voluntary and optional basis. [ 383 ] Spanish, which was wide used as a tongue franca in the belated nineteenth century, has since declined greatly in use, [ 386 ] although spanish loanwords are still present today in Philippine languages, [ 387 ] [ 388 ] while Arabic is chiefly taught in Islamic schools in Mindanao. [ 389 ] Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as media of teaching : Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan. [ 4 ] other autochthonal languages such as, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat, Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, Manobo, and several Visayan languages are prevailing in their respective provinces. [ 390 ] Article 3 of Republic Act No. 11106 declared the Filipino Sign Language as the national sign language of the Philippines, specifying that it shall be recognized, supported and promoted as the medium of official communication in all transactions involving the deafen, and as the language of teaching of deaf education. [ 391 ] [ 392 ]

religion

The Philippines is a secular state which protects exemption of religion. Christianity is the dominant allele religion, [ 393 ] [ 394 ] shared by about 89 % of the population. [ 5 ] As of 2013, the area had the world ‘s third largest Roman Catholic population, and was the largest christian nation in Asia. [ 395 ] Census datum from 2015 found that about 79.53 % of the population professed Catholicism. [ 396 ] about 37 % of the population regularly attend Mass. 29 % of self-identified Catholics consider themselves very religious. [ 397 ] An independent Catholic church, the philippine Independent Church, has about 66,959 adherents. [ 396 ] Protestants were 9.13 % of the population in 2015. [ 398 ] 2.64 % of the population are members of Iglesia ni Cristo. [ 396 ] The combined take after of the Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches comes to 2.42 % of the entire population. [ 396 ] [ 399 ]

Islam is the second largest religion. The Muslim population of the Philippines was reported as 6.01 % of the entire population according to census returns in 2015. [ 396 ] Conversely, a 2012 report by the National Commission of Muslim Filipinos ( NCMF ) stated that about 10,700,000 or 11 % of Filipinos are Muslims. [ 393 ] The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands. [ 394 ] [ 400 ] Most practice Sunni Islam under the Shafi’i school. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] The share of combine positive atheist and agnostic people in the Philippines was measured to be about 3 % of the population as of 2008. [ 403 ] The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about 0.02 % of the population as “ none ”. [ 396 ] A 2014 survey by Gallup International Association reported that 21 % of its respondents identify as “ not a religious person ”. [ 404 ] Around 0.24 % of the population practice autochthonal Philippine family religions, [ 396 ] whose practices and family beliefs are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Buddhism is practiced by around 0.03 % of the population, [ 396 ] concentrated among Filipinos of chinese descent. [ 407 ]

Health

In 2016, 63.1 % of healthcare came from secret expenditures while 36.9 % was from the government ( 12.4 % from the national politics, 7.1 % from the local government, and 17.4 % from sociable health insurance ). total health outgo share in GDP for the year 2016 was 4.5 %. Per capita health outgo rate in 2015 was US $ 323, which was one of the lowest in Southeast Asia. The budget allotment for Healthcare in 2019 was ₱98.6 billion [ 410 ] and had an addition in budget in 2014 with a record eminent in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 ( normally known as Sin tax Bill ). [ 411 ] There were 101,688 hospital beds in the country in 2016, with politics hospital beds accounting for 47 % and private hospital beds for 53 %. In 2009, there were an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses and 43,220 dentists. [ 413 ] Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. Seventy percentage of nurse graduates go overseas to work. As of 2007, the Philippines was the largest supplier of nurses for export. [ 414 ] The Philippines suffers a triple load of high levels of communicable diseases, gamey levels of non-communicable diseases, and senior high school exposure to natural disasters. [ 415 ] In 2018, there were 1,258 hospitals licensed by the Department of Health, of which 433 ( 34 % ) were government-run and 825 ( 66 % ) private. [ 416 ] A sum of 20,065 barangay health stations ( BHS ) and 2,590 rural health units ( RHUs ) provide basal care services throughout the country as of 2016. cardiovascular diseases account for more than 35 % of all deaths. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] 9,264 cases of homo immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) were reported for the year 2016, with 8,151 being asymptomatic cases. At the time the state was considered a low-HIV-prevalence country, with less than 0.1 % of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive. [ 421 ] HIV/AIDS cases increased from 12,000 in 2005 [ 422 ] to 39,622 as of 2016, with 35,957 being asymptomatic cases. There is improvement in patients access to medicines due to Filipinos ‘ growing credence of generic drugs, with 6 out of 10 Filipinos already using generics. While the area ‘s cosmopolitan healthcare implementation is afoot as spearheaded by the state-owned Philippine Health Insurance Corporation, [ 424 ] most healthcare-related expenses are either digest out of pocket [ 425 ] or through health sustenance organization ( HMO ) -provided health plans. As of April 2020, there are only about 7 million individuals covered by these plans. [ 426 ]

education

The Philippines had a simple literacy rate of 98.3 % as of 2015, and a running literacy rate of 90.3 % as of 2013. [ 427 ] education takes up a significant proportion of the national budget. In the 2020 budget, education was allocated PHP17.1 billion from the PHP4.1 trillion budget. [ 428 ] The Commission on Higher education ( CHED ) lists 2,180 higher education institutions, among which 607 are populace and 1,573 are private. [ 429 ] Classes startle in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to March, while some have adopted an increasingly common semester calendar from August to December and January to May. [ 430 ] Primary and secondary school is divided between a 6-year elementary period, a 4-year junior high school period, and a 2-year senior high school period. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] [ 433 ] As of 2021–2022, the Department of Education considered September 13, 2021 as the opening go steady of the school year. The school year will end 209 days and will end on June 24, 2022. [ 434 ] The Department of Education ( DepEd ) covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education. [ 435 ] The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority ( TESDA ) administers middle-level education train and development. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The Commission on Higher education ( CHED ) was created in 1994 to, among early functions, explicate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities, and programs on higher department of education and research. [ 438 ] In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions countrywide, chiefly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department of Education. [ 439 ] Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are promote classified as State Universities and Colleges ( SUC ) or local Colleges and Universities ( LCU ). [ 429 ] The University of the Philippines, a system of eight constituent universities, is the national university system of the Philippines. [ 440 ] The country ‘s peak rate universities are as follows : University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo Tomas. [ 441 ] [ 442 ] [ 443 ] The University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611, has the oldest extant university rent in the Philippines and Asia. [ 444 ] [ 445 ]

economy

A proportional representation of Philippines exports, 2019 The Philippine economy has produced an estimated gross domestic product ( nominal ) of $ 356.8 billion. [ 446 ] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, bull products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits. major trading partners include the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan, and Thailand. [ 6 ] Its unit of currency is the filipino philippine peso ( ₱ [ 447 ] or PHP [ 448 ] ). [ 449 ] A newly industrialize country, [ 450 ] the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon department of agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacture. [ 451 ] Of the country ‘s 2018 department of labor coerce of around 43.46 million, the agricultural sector employed 24.3 %, [ 452 ] and accounted for 8.1 % of 2018 GDP. [ 453 ] The industrial sector employed around 19 % of the work force and accounted for 34.1 % of GDP, while 57 % of the workers involved in the services sector were creditworthy for 57.8 % of GDP. [ 453 ] [ 454 ] The unemployment pace as of October 2019, stands at 4.5 %. [ 455 ] meanwhile, due to lower charges in basic necessities, the ostentation rate eased to 1.7 % in August 2019. [ 456 ] Gross international reserves as of October 2013 are $ 83.201 billion. [ 457 ] The Debt-to-GDP ratio continues to decline to 37.6 % as of the moment quarter of 2019 [ 458 ] [ 459 ] from a record eminent of 78 % in 2004. [ 460 ] The nation is a net importer [ 461 ] but it is besides a creditor nation. [ 462 ] Manila hosts the headquarter of the Asian Development Bank. [ 463 ]
The 1997 asian Financial Crisis affected the economy, resulting in a tarriance decline of the value of the guinea-bissau peso and falls in the stock marketplace. The extent it was affected initially was not adenine severe as that of some of its asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the government, partially as a result of decades of monitor and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ), in comparison to the massive outgo of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth. [ 154 ] There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy experienced 6.4 % GDP growth and 7.1 % in 2007, its fastest footstep of emergence in three decades. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] Average annual GDP growth per caput for the period 1966–2007 inactive stands at 1.45 % in comparison to an average of 5.96 % for the East Asia and the Pacific area as a wholly. The casual income for 45 % of the population of the Philippines remains less than $ 2. [ 467 ] [ 468 ] [ 469 ] [ obsolete source ] Remittances from oversea Filipinos contribute significantly to the filipino economy. [ 470 ] Remittances peaked in 2006 at 10.4 % of the national GDP, and were 8.6 % and 8.5 % in 2012 and in 2014 respectively. [ 470 ] In 2014 the full worth of alien central remittances was US $ 28 billion. [ 471 ] Regional development is spotty, with Luzon – Metro Manila in particular – gaining most of the newly economic emergence at the expense of the other regions. [ 472 ] [ 473 ] Service industries such as tourism [ 474 ] and business procedure outsourcing have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the nation. [ 475 ] The Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) industry is composed of eight sub-sectors, namely, cognition process outsource and back offices, animation, call centers, software development, game development, engineer blueprint, and aesculapian transcription. [ 476 ] In 2010, the Philippines was reported as having eclipsed India as the chief center of BPO services in the populace. [ 477 ] [ 478 ] [ 479 ]

science and engineering

The Department of Science and Technology is the governing agency responsible for the growth of coordination of science and technology-related projects in the Philippines. [ 480 ] Research organizations in the area include the International Rice Research Institute, [ 481 ] which focuses on the development of new rice varieties and rice crop management techniques. [ 482 ] The Philippines bought its first satellite in 1996. [ 483 ] In 2016, the Philippines foremost micro-satellite, Diwata-1 was launched aboard the US Cygnus spacecraft. [ 484 ] The Philippines has a high assiduity of cellular earphone users. [ 485 ] Text message is a popular form of communication and, in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion SMS messages per day. [ 486 ] The nation has a high level of mobile fiscal services use. [ 487 ] The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, normally known as PLDT, is a once nationalize telecommunications supplier. [ 485 ] It is besides the largest caller in the country. [ 488 ] The National Telecommunications Commission is the agency responsible for the supervision, adjudication and manipulate over all telecommunications services throughout the state. [ 489 ] There are approximately 417 AM and 1079 FM radio stations and 438 television and 1,551 cable television stations. [ 490 ] On March 29, 1994, the country was connected to the Internet via a 64 kbit/s connection from a router serviced by PLDT to a Sprint router in California. [ 491 ] Estimates for Internet penetration in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a gloomy of 2.5 million to a gamey of 24 million people. [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Social network and observation videos are among the most frequent Internet activities. [ 494 ] The filipino population is the earth ‘s top internet user. [ 495 ] The Philippines was ranked fiftieth in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, it has increased its rate well since 2014, where it was ranked hundredth. [ 496 ] [ 497 ] [ 498 ] [ 499 ]

tourism

The travel and tourism sector contributed 10.6 % of the state ‘s GDP in 2015 [ 500 ] and providing 1,226,500 jobs in 2013. [ 501 ] 8,260,913 international visitors arrived from January to December 2019, up by 15.24 % for the same time period in 2018. [ 502 ] 58.62 % ( 4,842,774 ) of these came from East Asia, 15.84 % ( 1,308,444 ) came from North America, and 6.38 % ( 526,832 ) came from other ASEAN countries. [ 427 ] The island of Boracay, popular for its beaches, was named as the best island in the populace by Travel + leisure in 2012. [ 503 ] The Philippines is besides a popular retirement finish for foreigners ascribable to its climate and humble cost of living. [ 504 ]

infrastructure

transportation system

exile in the Philippines is facilitated by road, air, track and waterways. As of December 2018, there are 210,528 kilometers ( 130,816 security service ) of roads in the Philippines, with merely 65,101 kilometers ( 40,452 michigan ) of roads paved. [ 505 ] The 919-kilometer ( 571 nautical mile ) Strong Republic Nautical Highway ( SRNH ), an integrate plant of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities was established in 2003. [ 506 ] The Pan-Philippine Highway connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, forming the spinal column of land-based department of transportation in the nation. [ 507 ] Roads are the dominant form of conveyance, carrying 98 % of people and 58 % of cargo. A network of expressways extends from the capital to other areas of Luzon. [ 508 ] The 8.25-kilometre ( 5.13 security service ) Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway in Cebu will be finished by 2021. [ 509 ] Traffic is a significant exit facing the state, specially within Manila and on arterial roads connecting to the capital. [ 510 ] Public transport in the country include buses, jeepneys, UV Express, TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and tricycles. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] Jeepneys are a popular and iconic public utility program vehicle. [ 513 ] Jeepneys and other Public Utility Vehicles which are older than 15 years are being phased out gradually in prefer of a more efficient and environmentally friendly Euro 4 compliant vehicles. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] Despite wider historical practice, rail transmit in the Philippines is highly limited, being confined to transporting passengers within Metro Manila and neighboring Laguna, with a offprint short track in the Bicol Region. [ 516 ] There are plans to revive Freight transportation to reduce road congestion. [ 517 ] [ 518 ] As of 2019, the state had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers, which it had plans to expand up to 244 kilometers. [ 519 ] [ 520 ] Metro Manila is served by three rapid transit lines : LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2 and MRT Line 3. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] [ 523 ] The PNR South Commuter Line transports passengers between Metro Manila and Laguna. [ 524 ] Railway lines that are under-construction include the 4-kilometre ( 2.5 mi ) Line 2 East Extension Project ( 2020 ), [ 525 ] the 22.8-kilometre ( 14.2 nautical mile ) MRT Line 7 ( 2020 ), [ 526 ] the 35-kilometre ( 22 nautical mile ) Metro Manila Subway ( 2025 ), [ 527 ] and the 109-kilometre ( 68 nautical mile ) PNR North–South Commuter Railway which is divided into several phases, with partial derivative operations to begin in 2022. [ 528 ] The civil airline industry is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. [ 529 ] Philippine Airlines is Asia ‘s oldest commercial airline still operating under its master identify. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Cebu Pacific is the countries leading low-cost carrier. [ 532 ] As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is frequently necessity. [ 533 ] Boats have always been significant to societies in the Philippines. [ 534 ] [ 535 ] Most boats are double-outrigger vessels, which can reach up to 30 metres ( 98 foot ) in length, known as banca [ 536 ] / bangka, [ 537 ] parao, prahu, or balanghay. A assortment of gravy boat types are used throughout the islands, such as dugouts ( baloto ) and house-boats like the lepa-lepa. [ 535 ] Terms such as bangka and baroto are besides used as general names for a kind of boat types. [ 537 ] Modern ships use plywood in position of logs and drive engines in place of sails. [ 536 ] These ships are used both for fishing and for inter-island change of location. [ 537 ] The principal seaports of Manila, Batangas, Subic Bay, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and Zamboanga form function of the ASEAN Transport Network. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The Pasig River Ferry serves the cities of Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila. [ 540 ] [ 541 ]

Water provide and sanitation

In 2015, it was reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation that 74 % of the population had access to improved sanitation, and that “ commodity progress ” had been made between 1990 and 2015. [ 542 ] As of 2016, 96 % of Filipino households have an improved source of drink water, and 92 % of households had sanitary toilet facilities, although connections of these toilet facilities to appropriate sewage systems remain largely insufficient specially in rural and urban poor people communities .

culture

There is significant cultural diverseness across the islands, reinforced by the break up geography of the area. [ 544 ] The cultures within Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed in a peculiarly distinct manner, due to identical specify degree of spanish influence and greater influence from nearby Islamic regions. [ 545 ] Despite this, a national identity emerged in the nineteenth hundred, the development of which is represented by shared national symbols and early cultural and historical touchstones. [ 544 ] One of the most visible hispanic legacies is the preponderance of spanish names and surnames among Filipinos ; a spanish name and surname, however, does not necessarily denote spanish ancestry. This curio, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree by Governor-General Narciso Clavería y Zaldua, which ordered the taxonomic distribution of family names and implementation of hispanic terminology on the population. [ 546 ] The names of many locations are besides spanish, or stem from spanish roots and origins. [ 547 ] There is a significant american influence on mod Filipino culture. [ 255 ] The coarse consumption of the english terminology is an example of the american english impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the charm of american pop cultural trends. [ 548 ] This affinity is seen in Filipinos ‘ consumption of fast food and American film and music. [ 549 ] american global fast-food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast-food chains like Goldilocks [ 550 ] and most notably Jollibee, the leading fast-food chain in the nation, have emerged and compete successfully against foreign chains. [ 551 ] The Ati-Atihan, Moriones and Sinulog festivals are among the most well-known. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ]

Values

As a general description, the distinct value system of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, particularly those based in affinity, duty, friendship, religion ( particularly Christianity ), and commercial relationships. [ 555 ] philippine values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining sociable harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of “ Hiya “, roughly translated as ‘a sense of shame ‘, [ 556 ] and “ Amor propio “ or ‘self-esteem ‘. [ 557 ] Social approval, credence by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social demeanor among Filipinos. [ 558 ] other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and wish for early people, the being of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, deference to self and others, regard for the female members of club, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheat and larceny. [ 559 ] [ 560 ]

computer architecture

spanish architecture has left an imprint in the Philippines in the direction many towns were designed around a central squarely or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its determine were demolished during World War II. [ 48 ] Four Philippine baroque churches are included in the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites : the San Agustín Church in Manila, Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción ( Santa María ) church service in Ilocos Sur, and Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo. [ 561 ] Vigan in Ilocos Sur is besides known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there. [ 562 ] American rule introduced new architectural styles. This led to the construction of government buildings and Art Deco theaters. During the american time period, some illusion of city design using the architectural designs and chief plans by Daniel Burnham was done on the portions of the city of Manila. depart of the Burnham design was the construction of government buildings that resembled Greek or neoclassic computer architecture. [ 563 ] In Iloilo, structures from both the spanish and american periods can still be seen, specially in Calle Real. [ 564 ] Certain areas of the country like Batanes have rebuff differences as both spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently due to the climate. Limestones were used as a build material, with houses being built to withstand typhoons. [ 565 ]

Performing arts

Cariñosa, a Hispanic era dance for traditional Filipino courtship. In general, there are two types of Philippine traditional family dance. The first one reflects the influence under the spanish occupation and the other, the nation ‘s profusion of tribes that offer their own tribal dances. The music that incorporates the erstwhile are by and large bandurria -based bands that utilizes 14th string guitars. One exemplar of such type is the Cariñosa. A Hispanic Filipino dance, unofficially considered as the “ National Dance of the Philippines ”. [ 566 ] Another exercise is the Tinikling. [ 567 ] While native dances had become less popular over time, [ 568 ] : 77 a revival of family dances began in the 1920s. [ 568 ] : 82 In the Modern and Post-Modern time periods, dances may vary from the delicate ballet up to the more street-oriented styles of breakdancing. [ 569 ] [ 570 ] locally produced spoken play became established in the deep 1870s. Around the same time, spanish charm led to the initiation of zarzuela plays which integrated melodious pieces, [ 571 ] and of comedia plays which included more significant dancing elements. such performances became popular throughout the country, [ 568 ] : 69–70 and were written in a phone number of local languages. [ 571 ] american influence led to the introduction of vaudeville and ballet. [ 568 ] : 69–70 During the twentieth hundred the realism genre became more dominant, with performances written to focus on contemporary political and social issues. [ 571 ] During the spanish era Rondalya music, where traditional string orchestra mandolin type instruments were used, was far-flung. [ 572 ] Kundiman developed in the 1920s and 30 ‘s, [ 573 ] and had a renaissance in the postwar period. [ 574 ] The american colonial time period exposed many Filipinos to US acculturation and popular forms of music. [ 573 ] Rock music was introduced to Filipinos in the 1960s, and developed into Filipino rock, or “ Pinoy rock ”, a term encompassing divers styles such as toss off rock, alternative rock, dense metal, punk, new wave, ska, and reggae. warlike police in the 1970s produced several Filipino folk music rock bands and artists who were at the vanguard of political demonstrations. [ 575 ] The 1970s besides saw the birth of Manila Sound [ 576 ] and Original Pilipino Music ( OPM ). [ 577 ] Filipino rap traces its origins back to 1979, entering the mainstream in 1990. [ 578 ] [ 579 ] Karaoke is a popular bodily process in the country. [ 580 ] From 2010 to 2020, Philippine toss off music or P-pop went through a huge metamorphosis in its increased quality, budget, investment, and assortment, matching the area ‘s rapid economic growth, and an accompanying sociable and cultural revival of its asian identity. This was heard by heavy influence from K-pop and J-pop, growth in asian stylus ballads, idol groups, and EDM music, and less reliance on western genres, mirroring the korean wave and similar japanese wave popularity among millennial Filipinos and mainstream culture .

literature

Philippine mythology has been handed down chiefly through the traditional oral folk literature of the Filipino people. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Maria Makiling, Lam-Ang, and the Sarimanok. [ 581 ] filipino literature comprises works normally written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most know were created from the 17th to 19th century. [ 582 ] Adarna, for example, is a celebrated epic poem about an eponymous charming bird allegedly written by José de la Cruz or “ Huseng Sisiw ”. [ 583 ] Francisco Balagtas, the poet and dramatist who wrote Florante at Laura, is recognized as a leading writer in the Tagalog ( Filipino ) lyric. [ 584 ] José Rizal wrote the novels Noli Me Tángere ( Touch Me Not ) and El Filibusterismo ( The Filibustering, besides known as The Reign of Greed ). [ 585 ]

cinema

Philippine film began at the end of the nineteenth hundred, [ 586 ] and made up around 20 % of the domestic marketplace during the second half of the twentieth hundred. During the twenty-first hundred however, the industry has struggled to compete with larger budget extraneous films. [ 587 ] Critically acclaimed Philippines films include Himala ( Miracle ). [ 588 ] [ 589 ] [ 590 ] Moving pictures were beginning shown in the Philippines on January 1, 1897. [ 591 ] [ 592 ] All films were all in spanish since Philippine film was first introduced during the final examination years of the spanish era of the nation. Antonio Ramos was the first base acknowledge movie producer. [ 593 ] [ 594 ] interim, Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the “ Father of Philippine Movies ”. [ 595 ] His bring marked the start of the local product of movies. production companies remained small during the era of mum film, but 1933 saw the emergence of voice films and the arrival of the first meaning output company. The postwar 1940s and the 1950s are regarded as a eminent point for Philippine cinema. [ 108 ] The growing dominance of Hollywood films and the cost of production has badly reduced local filmmaking. [ 596 ] [ 597 ] Nonetheless, some local films continue to find success. [ 598 ] [ 599 ]

Mass media

philippine media uses chiefly Filipino and English, though broadcast medium has shifted to Filipino. [ 385 ] There are large numbers of both radio stations and newspapers. [ 600 ] The top three newspapers by countrywide readership american samoa well as credibility [ 601 ] are the filipino Daily Inquirer, Manila Bulletin, and The Philippine Star. [ 602 ] [ 603 ] While exemption of the press is protected by the constitution, the country is very dangerous for journalists. [ 600 ] [ 604 ] The dominant allele television receiver networks were ABS-CBN and GMA, both being absolve to publicize. [ 600 ] ABS-CBN, at the prison term the largest network [ 605 ] was shut down following a end and abstain order issued by the National Telecommunications Commission on May 5, 2020, a day after the passing of the network ‘s franchise. [ 606 ] Prior to this move, Duterte accused ABS-CBN of being biased against his administration and vowed to block the reclamation of their franchise. however, critics of the Duterte government, human rights groups, and media unions said the closure of ABS-CBN was an attack on imperativeness freedom. [ 605 ] [ 607 ] On July 10, 2020, the House of Representatives declined a refilling of ABS-CBN ‘s television and radio receiver franchise, voted 70–11. [ 605 ] television, the Internet, [ 608 ] and social media, peculiarly Facebook, remain the top source of newsworthiness and information for majority of Filipinos as newspaper readership continues to decline. [ 609 ] [ 610 ] english broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students. [ 611 ] Cheaper Tagalog tabloids, which feature crime, sex, gossips and gore, saw a rise in the 1990s, and tend to be popular among the masses, particularly in Manila. [ 611 ] [ 612 ] [ 613 ]

cuisine

regional variations exist throughout the islands, for case rice is a standard starch in Luzon while cassava is more common in Mindanao. [ 614 ] Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors, but the cuisine is not a piquant as those of its neighbors. [ 615 ] Unlike many Asians, most Filipinos do not eat with chopsticks ; they use western cutter. however, possibly ascribable to rice being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and main dishes with broth in Filipino cuisine, the independent pair of utensil seen at the Filipino dine table is that of smooch and branching, not knife and fork. [ 616 ] The traditional direction of eating with the hands known as kamayan ( using the hand for bringing food to the mouth ) [ 617 ] was previously more often seen in the less urbanize areas. [ 614 ] however, ascribable to the respective Filipino restaurants that introduced Filipino food to people of other nationalities, adenine well as to Filipino urbanites, kamayan fast became popular. [ 618 ] [ 619 ] This late swerve besides sometimes incorporates the “ Boodle fight “ concept ( as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army ), wherein banana leaves are used as elephantine plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly or communal kamayan feast. [ 620 ]

Sports

basketball is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most democratic fun in the Philippines. [ 621 ] In 2010, Manny Pacquiao was named “ Fighter of the Decade ” for the 2000s by the Boxing Writers Association of America. [ 622 ] The national martial art and sport of the country is Arnis. [ 623 ] [ 624 ] Sabong or cockfighting is another popular entertainment particularly among Filipino men, and was documented by Magellan ‘s ocean trip as a pastime in the kingdom of Taytay. [ 625 ] Filipinos besides play football, and their football team has participated in only one asian Cup. [ 626 ] Beginning in 1924, the Philippines has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. [ 627 ] [ 628 ] The Philippines is besides the first tropical nation to compete at the Winter Olympic Games debuting in the 1972 version. [ 629 ] [ 630 ] In 2021, the state tallied its inaugural always Olympic amber decoration via weightlifter Hidilyn Diaz ‘s victory at the delay Tokyo Olympics. [ 631 ]