A native Thai speaker, recorded in Bangkok Thai, [ a ] or Central Thai [ bacillus ] ( historically Siamese ; [ c ] Thai : ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai people [ vitamin d ] and a huge majority of Thai Chinese. It is the sole official linguistic process of Thailand. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Reading: Thai language – Wikipedia
Thai is the most talk of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali, Sanskrit, Mon [ 5 ] and Old Khmer. It is a tonal and analytic linguistic process, alike to Chinese and Vietnamese. Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers. Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural separate, is partially mutually intelligible with Lao, Isan, and some colleague Southwestern Tai languages. These languages are written with slightly different scripts but are linguistically similar and efficaciously form a dialect continuum. [ 6 ] As a prevailing language in all aspects of company in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later far-flung adoption as a second lyric among the country ‘s minority heathen groups since the establishment of the Rattanakosin Kingdom in late eighteenth century. ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native lyric or dialect .
classification [edit ]
Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Tai Lanna, Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern outgrowth of Tai languages. The Tai languages are a outgrowth of the Kra–Dai lyric family, which encompasses a bombastic number of autochthonal languages spoken in an discharge from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the cambodian molding. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on the dialect of the cardinal Thai people, and it is written in the Thai alphabet .
history [edit ]
According to a chinese source, during the Ming Dynasty, Yingya Shenglan ( 1405–1433 ), Ma Huan reported on the linguistic process of the Hsien Lo that it somewhat resembles the local patois as pronounced in Kuang tung tree province [ 7 ] : 107 Thai has undergo versatile diachronic sound changes. Some of the most significant changes occurred during the development from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai write system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, specially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography .
Old Thai [edit ]
Old Thai had a tripartite tone distinction on “ know syllables ” ( those not ending in a period ), with no possible distinction on “ dead syllables ” ( those ending in a barricade, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop consonant which automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel ). There was a bipartisan voice vs. breathed differentiation among all fricative consonant and sonorant consonants, and up to a four-way differentiation among stops and affricates. The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and dentals ( /t tʰ vitamin d ʔd/ ) ; the tripartite distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each located obviously missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing differentiation losses and the attendant tone split. This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at unlike times in different parts of the Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing eminence :
- Plain voiced stops ( /b five hundred ɡ dʑ/) became voiceless aspirated stops ( /pʰ tʰ kʰ tɕʰ/).[e]
- Voiced fricatives became voiceless.
- Voiceless sonorants became voiced.
however, in the procedure of these mergers, the former eminence of voice was transferred into a newfangled place of tonal distinctions. In effect, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched timbre corresponding to a syllable that once began with a voice consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that once began with a disenfranchised consonant ( including glottalized stops ). An extra complication is that once unvoiced unaspirated stops/affricates ( original /p thyroxine thousand tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) besides caused master tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern “ low ” -class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and the terminology “ low ” reflects the lower shade variants that resulted. modern “ mid ” -class consonants were unvoiced unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern “ gamey ” -class consonants were the remaining disenfranchised consonants in Old Thai ( disenfranchised fricatives, unvoiced sonorants, unvoiced aspirated stops ). The three most common tone “ marks ” ( the miss of any tone mark, a well as the two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the building complex kinship between tone crisscross and actual tone is ascribable to the assorted tonic changes since then. Since the tone separate, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been wholly obscured. furthermore, the six tones that resulted after the three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of erstwhile tone 2 unite with the higher form of former tone 3, becoming the modern “ falling ” tonicity. [ f ]
early Old Thai [edit ]
early Old Thai besides obviously had velar fricatives /x ɣ/ as distinct phonemes. These were represented by the now-obsolete letters ฃ kho khuat and ฅ kho khon, respectively. During the Old Thai period, these sounds merged into the comparable stops /kʰ ɡ/, and as a resultant role the use of these letters became fluid. At some target in the history of Thai, a palatal nasal phoneme /ɲ/ besides existed, inherited from Proto-Tai. A letter ญ yo ying besides exists, which is used to represent a palatal adenoidal in words borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali, and is presently pronounced /j/ at the begin of a syllable but /n/ at the end of a syllable. Most native Thai words that are reconstructed as beginning with /ɲ/ are besides pronounce /j/ in mod Thai, but broadly spelled with ย yo yak, which systematically represents /j/. This suggests that /ɲ/ > /j/ in native words occurred in the pre-literary time period. It is indecipherable whether Sanskrit and Pali words beginning with /ɲ/ were borrowed directly with a /j/, or whether a /ɲ/ was reintroduce, followed by a second gear change /ɲ/ > /j/. Proto-Tai besides had a glottalized palatal heavy, reconstructed as /ʔj/ in Li Fang-Kuei ( 1977 [ full citation needed ] ). Corresponding Thai words are by and large spelled หย, which implies an Old Thai pronunciation of /hj/ ( or /j̊/ ), but a few such words are spelled อย, which implies a pronunciation of /ʔj/ and suggests that the glottalization may have persisted through to the early literary period .
vowel developments [edit ]
The vowel organization of modern Thai contains nine arrant vowels and three centering diphthongs, each of which can occur brusque or long. According to Li ( 1977 [ full citation needed ] ), however, many Thai dialects have only one such short–long pair ( /a aː/ ), and in cosmopolitan it is difficult or impossible to find minimal short–long pairs in Thai that involve vowels early than /a/ and where both members have frequent correspondences throughout the Tai languages. More specifically, he notes the follow facts about thai :
- In open syllables, only long vowels occur. (This assumes that all apparent cases of short open syllables are better described as ending in a glottal stop. This makes sense from the lack of tonal distinctions in such syllables, and the glottal stop is also reconstructible across the Tai languages.)
- In closed syllables, the long high vowels /iː ɯː uː/ are rare, and cases that do exist typically have diphthongs in other Tai languages.
- In closed syllables, both short and long mid /e eː oxygen oː/ and low /ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː/ do occur. However, generally, only words with short /e o/ and long /ɛː ɔː/ are reconstructible back to Proto-Tai.
- Both of the mid back unrounded vowels /ɤ ɤː/ are rare, and words with such sounds generally cannot be reconstructed back to Proto-Tai.
furthermore, the vowel that corresponds to short Thai /a/ has a different and frequently higher quality in many of the Tai languages compared with the vowel corresponding to Thai /aː/. This leads Li to posit the surveil :
- Proto-Tai had a system of nine pure vowels with no length distinction, and possessing approximately the same qualities as in modern Thai: high /i ɯ u/, mid /e ɤ o/, low /ɛ a ɔ/.
- All Proto-Tai vowels were lengthened in open syllables, and low vowels were also lengthened in closed syllables.
- Modern Thai largely preserved the original lengths and qualities, but lowered /ɤ/ to /a/, which became short /a/ in closed syllables and created a phonemic length distinction /a aː/. Eventually, length in all other vowels became phonemic as well and a new /ɤ/ (both short and long) was introduced, through a combination of borrowing and sound change. Li believes that the development of long /iː ɯː uː/ from diphthongs, and the lowering of /ɤ/ to /a/ to create a length distinction /a aː/, had occurred by the time of Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but the other missing modern Thai vowels had not yet developed.
bill that not all researchers agree with Li. Pittayaporn ( 2009 [ full citation needed ] ), for exercise, reconstructs a like system for Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but believes that there was besides a mid back unrounded vowel /ə/ ( which he describes as /ɤ/ ), occurring merely before concluding velar /k ŋ/. He besides seems to believe that the Proto-Southwestern-Tai vowel length distinctions can be reconstructed back to similar distinctions in Proto-Tai .
Dialects [edit ]
According to Ethnologue, Thai terminology is spoken by over 20 million people ( 2000 ). furthermore, most Thais in the northerly and the northeastern ( Isaan ) parts of the country nowadays are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects due to the fact that ( Central ) Thai is the language of television, department of education, news coverage, and all forms of media. [ 8 ] A late inquiry found that the speakers of the Northern Thai terminology ( or Kham Mueang ) have become sol few, as most people in northern Thailand now constantly speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using largely Central Thai words and seasoning their speech only with “ kham mueang ” accent. [ 9 ] Standard Thai is based on the register of the educated classes in Bangkok. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other associate Tai languages. Although some linguists classify these dialects as associate but distinct languages, native speakers much identify them as regional variants or dialects of the “ lapp ” Thai speech, or as “ different kinds of Thai ”. [ 12 ]
cardinal Plains Thai [edit ]
capital Core Thai [edit ]
upper Central Thai ( Sukhothai dialects ) [edit ]
southwestern Thai ( Tenasserim Thai ) [edit ]
Khorat Thai [edit ]
phonology [edit ]
Consonants [edit ]
Initials [edit ]
Standard Thai distinguishes three voice-onset times among stop consonant and affricate consonants :
Where English makes a distinction between voiced /b/ and unvoiced aspirated /pʰ/, Thai distinguishes a third gear heavy – the unexpressed, unaspirated /p/ that occurs in English only as an allophone of /pʰ/, for exercise after an /s/ as in the heavy of the p in “ spin ”. There is similarly an alveolar consonant /d/, /t/, /tʰ/ trio in Thai. In the velar series there is a /k/, /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series a /t͡ɕ/, /t͡ɕʰ/ pair, but the speech lacks the comparable voiced sounds /ɡ/ and /dʑ/. ( In loanwords from English, English /ɡ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are borrowed as the tenuis stops /k/ and /t͡ɕ/. ) In each cell below, the first lineage indicates International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ), the moment indicates the Thai characters in initial position ( several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation ). The letter ห, one of the two h letters, is besides used to help write certain tones ( described below ) .
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m] ม |
n] ณ,น |
ŋ] ง |
|||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b] บ |
d] ฎ,ฑ,ด |
|||
| tenuis | p] ป |
t] ฏ,ต |
tɕ] จ |
k] ก |
ʔ] อ[h] |
|
| aspirated | pʰ] ผ,พ,ภ |
tʰ] ฐ,ฑ,ฒ,ถ,ท,ธ |
tɕʰ] ฉ,ช,ฌ |
kʰ] ข,ฃ,ค,ฅ,ฆ[i] |
||
| Fricative | f] ฝ,ฟ |
s] ซ,ศ,ษ,ส |
h] ห,ฮ |
|||
| Approximant | w] ว |
l] ล,ฬ |
j] ญ,ย |
|||
| Trill | r] ร |
|||||
Finals [edit ]
Although the overall 44 Thai consonant letters provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. For finals, only eight sounds, ampere well as no sound, called mātrā ( มาตรา ) are used. To demonstrate, at the end of a syllable, บ ( /b/ ) and ด ( /d/ ) are devoiced, becoming pronounced as /p/ and /t/ respectively. additionally, all stop consonant sounds are unreleased. Hence, final /p/, /t/, and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [ p̚ ], [ t̚ ], and [ k̚ ] respectively. Of the accordant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six ( ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ ) can not be used as a concluding and the other 36 are grouped as stick to .
- ^ The glottal stop consonant appears at the end when no final follows a brusque vowel
Clusters [edit ]
In Thai, each syllable in a bible is considered break from the others, so combinations of consonants from adjacent syllables are never recognised as a bunch. Thai has phonotactical constraints that define permissible syllable structure, accordant clusters, and vowel sequences. Original Thai vocabulary introduces only 11 compound consonantal patterns :
- /kr/ (กร), /kl/ (กล), /kw/ (กว)
- /kʰr/ (ขร,คร), /kʰl/ (ขล,คล), /kʰw/ (ขว,คว)
- /pr/ (ปร), /pl/ (ปล)
- /pʰr/ (พร), /pʰl/ (ผล,พล)
- /tr/ (ตร)
The act of clusters increases when a few more combinations are presented in loanwords such as /tʰr/ ( ทร ) in อินทรา ( /intʰraː/, from Sanskrit indrā ) or /fr/ ( ฟร ) in ฟรี ( /friː/, from English free ) ; however, it can be observed that Thai terminology supports only those in initial position, with either /r/, /l/, or /w/ as the second accordant healthy and not more than two sounds at a fourth dimension .
Vowels [edit ]
The vowel lens nucleus of the Thai speech are given in the adopt table. The crown entrance in every cell is the symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet, the second entry gives the spell in the Thai alphabet, where a crash ( – ) indicates the side of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second base smash indicates that a concluding consonant must follow .
| Front | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | |||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | /i/ -ิ |
/iː/ -ี |
/ɯ/ -ึ |
/ɯː/ -ื- |
/u/ -ุ |
/uː/ -ู |
| Mid | /e/ เ-ะ |
/eː/ เ- |
/ɤ/ เ-อะ |
/ɤː/ เ-อ |
/o/ โ-ะ |
/oː/ โ- |
| Low | /ɛ/ แ-ะ |
/ɛː/ แ- |
/a/ -ะ, -ั- |
/aː/ -า |
/ɔ/ เ-าะ |
/ɔː/ -อ |
The vowels each exist in long-short pairs : these are clear-cut phonemes forming unrelated words in Thai, [ 13 ] but normally transliterated the same : เขา ( khao ) means “ he ” or “ she ”, while ขาว ( khao ) means “ white ”. The long-short pairs are as follows :
There are besides opening and shutting diphthongs in Thai, which Tingsabadh & Abramson ( 1993 ) analyze as underlyingly /Vj/ and /Vw/. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an star are sometimes relegate as farseeing :
| Long | Short | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Thai script | IPA | Thai script | IPA |
| –าย | /aːj/ | ไ–*, ใ–*, ไ–ย, -ัย | /aj/ |
| –าว | /aːw/ | เ–า* | /aw/ |
| เ–ีย | /iːə/ | เ–ียะ | /iə/ |
| – | – | –ิว | /iw/ |
| –ัว | /uːə/ | –ัวะ | /uə/ |
| –ูย | /uːj/ | –ุย | /uj/ |
| เ–ว | /eːw/ | เ–็ว | /ew/ |
| แ–ว | /ɛːw/ | – | – |
| เ–ือ | /ɯːə/ | เ–ือะ | /ɯə/ |
| เ–ย | /ɤːj/ | – | – |
| –อย | /ɔːj/ | – | – |
| โ–ย | /oːj/ | – | – |
additionally, there are three triphthongs. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classify as long :
| Thai script | IPA |
|---|---|
| เ–ียว* | /iəw/ |
| –วย* | /uəj/ |
| เ–ือย* | /ɯəj/ |
Tones [edit ]
The five phonemic tones of Standard Thai pronounced with the syllable ‘/naː/ ‘ : There are five phonemic tones : mid, broken, falling, high, and rising, sometimes referred to in older character works as rectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, and demissus, respectively. [ 14 ] The postpone shows an example of both the phonemic tones and their phonetic realization, in the IPA .
Thai linguistic process tone chart Notes :
- Five-level tone value: Mid [33], Low [21], Falling [43], High [44], Rising [323]. Traditionally, the high tone was recorded as either [44] or [45]. This remains true for the older generation, but the high tone is changing to [334] among youngsters.[15][16]
- For the diachronic changes of tone value, please see Pittayaporn (2007).[17]
- The full complement of tones exists only in so-called “live syllables”, those that end in a long vowel or a sonorant ( /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/).
- For “dead syllables”, those that end in a plosive ( /p/, /t/, /k/) or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final glottal stop (especially in slower speech), all “dead syllables” are phonetically checked, and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables.
Unchecked syllables [edit ]
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mid | สามัญ | คา | /kʰāː/ | [ kʰaː˧ ] | stick |
| low | เอก | ข่า | /kʰàː/ | [ kʰaː˨˩ ] or [ kʰaː˩ ] | galangal |
| falling | โท | ค่า | /kʰâː/ | [ kʰaː˥˩ ] | value |
| high | ตรี | ค้า | /kʰáː/ | [ kʰaː˦˥ ] or [ kʰaː˥ ] | to trade |
| rising | จัตวา | ขา | /kʰǎː/ | [ kʰaː˩˩˦ ] or [ kʰaː˩˦ ] | leg |
Checked syllables [edit ]
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| low (short vowel) | เอก | หมัก | /màk/ | [ mak̚˨˩ ] | marinate |
| low (long vowel) | เอก | หมาก | /màːk/ | [ maːk̚˨˩ ] | areca nut, areca palm, betel, fruit |
| high | ตรี | มัก | /mák/ | [ mak̚˦˥ ] | habitually, likely to |
| falling | โท | มาก | /mâːk/ | [ maːk̚˥˩ ] | a lot, abundance, many |
In some english loanwords, closed syllables with long vowel ending in an obstruent sound, have high shade, and closed syllables with abruptly vowel ending in an obstruent reasoned have falling tone .
| Tone | Thai | Example | Phonemic | Phonetic | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | ตรี | มาร์ก | /máːk/ | [ maːk̚˦˥ ] | Marc, Mark |
| high | ตรี | สตาร์ต | /sa.táːt/ | [ sa.taːt̚˦˥ ] | start |
| high | ตรี | บาส(เกตบอล) | /báːt ( .kêt.bɔ̄n ) /1 | [ baːt̚˦˥ ( .ket̚˥˩.bɔn˧ ) ] | basketball |
| falling | โท | เมกอัป | /méːk.ʔâp/ | [ meːk̚˦˥.ʔap̚˥˩ ] | make-up |
1 May be /báːs.kêt.bɔ̄l/ in educated actor’s line .
grammar [edit ]
From the perspective of linguistic typology, Thai can be considered to be an analytic language. The discussion ordain is subject–verb–object, [ 18 ] although the subject is frequently omitted. additionally, Thai is an isolating language lacking any form of inflectional morphology any. [ 19 ] Thai pronouns are selected according to the gender and relative condition of loudspeaker and consultation .
Adjectives and adverbs [edit ]
There is no morphologic eminence between adverbs and adjectives. many words can be used in either serve. They follow the bible they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb .
คน khon [ kʰon อ้วน uan ʔûən ] คน อ้วน khon uan [ kʰon ʔûən ] ‘a fatty person ‘
คน khon [ khon ที่ thi tʰîː อ้วน uan ʔûən เร็ว reo rew ] คน ที่ อ้วน เร็ว khon thi uan reo [ khon tʰîː ʔûən rew ] ‘a person who became adipose tissue promptly ‘
Comparatives take the form “ A X กว่า B ” ( kwa, [ kwàː ] ), A is more X than B. The superlative is expressed as “ A ten ที่สุด ” ( thi sut, [ tʰîːsùt ] ), A is most X .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw อ้วน uan ʔûən กว่า kwa kwàː ฉัน chan tɕ͡ʰǎn ] เขา อ้วน กว่า ฉัน khao uan kwa chan [ kʰǎw ʔûən kwàː tɕ͡ʰǎn ] ‘S/he is fatter than me. ‘
เขา khao [ kʰǎw อ้วน uan ʔûən ที่สุด thi sut tʰîːsùt ] เขา อ้วน ที่สุด khao uan { thi sut } [ kʰǎw ʔûən tʰîːsùt ] ‘S/he is the fattest ( of all ). ‘
Adjectives in Thai can be used as arrant predicates. Because of this many words used to indicate tense in verb ( see Verbs : Tense below ) may be used to describe adjectives .
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn หิว hiu hǐw ] ฉัน หิว chan hiu [ tɕ͡ʰǎn hǐw ] ‘I am athirst. ‘
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn จะ cha tɕ͡àʔ หิว hiu hǐw ] ฉัน จะ หิว chan cha hiu [ tɕ͡ʰǎn tɕ͡àʔ hǐw ] ‘I will be hungry. ‘
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn กำลัง kamlang kamlaŋ หิว hiu hǐw ] ฉัน กำลัง หิว chan kamlang hiu [ tɕ͡ʰǎn kamlaŋ hǐw ] ‘I am athirst right now. ‘
ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn หิว hiu hǐw แล้ว laeo lɛ́ːw ] ฉัน หิว แล้ว chan hiu laeo [ tɕ͡ʰǎn hǐw lɛ́ːw ] ‘I am already athirst. ‘
-
- Remark ฉันหิวแล้ว mostly means “I am hungry right now” because normally, แล้ว ( [ lɛ́ːw ]) marks the change of a state, but แล้ว has many other uses as well. For example, in the sentence, แล้วเธอจะไปไหน ( [ lɛ́ːw tʰɤː tɕ͡àʔ paj nǎj ]): So where are you going?, แล้ว ( [ lɛ́ːw ]) is used as a discourse particle
Verbs [edit ]
Verbs do not inflect. They do not change with person, tense, spokesperson, mood, or number ; nor are there any participles. Being an analytic and case -less linguistic process, the kinship between subject, target and collateral object is conveyed through word order and aide verb. transitive verb verb follow the model subject-verb-object .
ฉัน chan [ t͡ɕʰǎn 1SG ตี ti tiː hit เขา khao kʰǎw ] 3SG ฉัน ตี เขา chan ti khao [ t͡ɕʰǎn tiː kʰǎw ] 1SG hit 3SG ‘I hit him. ‘
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ตี ti tiː hit ฉัน chan t͡ɕʰǎn ] 1SG เขา ตี ฉัน khao titanium chan [ kʰǎw tiː t͡ɕʰǎn ] 3SG hit 1SG ‘He hit me. ‘
In holy order to convey tense, view and mood ( TAM ), the Thai verbal system employs auxiliaries and verb serialization. [ 20 ] [ 19 ] TAM markers are however not obligatory and often left out in colloquial use. In such cases, the precise mean is determined through context. [ 20 ] This results in sentences lacking both TAM markers and overt context being ambiguous and national to versatile interpretations .
ฉัน chan [ t͡ɕʰǎn กิน kin kin ที่ thi tʰîː นั่น nan nân ] ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น chan kin thi grandma [ t͡ɕʰǎn kin tʰîː nân ] ‘I corrode there. ‘
ฉัน chan กิน akin ที่ thi นั่น nan เมื่อวาน mueawan yesterday ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น เมื่อวาน chan kin thi grandma mueawan { } { } { } { } yesterday ‘I eat there yesterday. ‘
ฉัน chan กิน kin ที่ thi นั่น nan พรุ่งนี้ phrungni tomorrow ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น พรุ่งนี้ chan kin thi nan phrungni { } { } { } { } tomorrow ‘I ‘ll eat there tomorrow. ‘
The conviction “ chan kin thi nan” can thus be interpreted as “ I am eating there ”, “ I eat there habitually ”, “ I will eat there ” or “ I ate there ”. Aspect markers in Thai have been divided into four discrete groups based on their custom. [ 20 ] These markers could appear either before or after the verb. The adopt list describes some of the most normally use aspect markers. A act of these view markers are besides full verbs on their own and carry a discrete mean. For case yu as a full verb means “ to stay, to live or to remain at ”. however as an aide it can be described as a temporary aspect or continuative marker. [ 20 ]
- Imperfective
- อยู่ yu
- ไป pai
- ยัง yang
- กำลัง kamlang
- Perfective
- ได้ dai
- Perfect
- แล้ว laew,
- มา ma
- Prospective/Future
- จะ cha
The imperfective aspect marker กำลัง ( kamlang, [ kamlaŋ ], presently ) is used before the verb to denote an ongoing action ( similar to the -ing suffix in English ). Kamlang is normally interpreted as a progressive aspect marker. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Similarly, อยู่ ( yu, [ jùː ] ) is a post-verbal aspect marker which corresponds to the conjunction or temp view. [ 20 ]
เขา khao [ kʰǎw กำลัง kamlang kamlaŋ วิ่ง wing wîŋ ] เขา กำลัง วิ่ง khao kamlang wing [ kʰǎw kamlaŋ wîŋ ]
เขา khao [ kʰǎw วิ่ง wing wîŋ อยู่ yu jùː ] เขา วิ่ง อยู่ khao wing yu [ kʰǎw wîŋ jùː ]
Read more: FIFA 21 Pro Clubs
เขา khao [ kʰǎw กำลัง kamlang kamlaŋ วิ่ง wing wîŋ อยู่ yu jùː ] เขา กำลัง วิ่ง อยู่ khao kamlang flank yu [ kʰǎw kamlaŋ wîŋ jùː ] ‘He is running. ‘
The marker ได้ ( dai, [ dâːj ] ) is normally analyzed as a past tense marker when it occurs before the verb. [ 19 ] As a full verb, dai means to ‘get or receive ‘. however, when used after a verb, dai takes on a meaning of capability or successful result of the independent verb. [ 20 ]
x : เขา khao [ kʰǎw จะ cha t͡ɕaʔ ได้ dai dâj ไป pai paj เที่ยว thiao tʰîow เมือง mueang mɯːəŋ ลาว lao laːw ] ] เขา จะ ได้ ไป เที่ยว เมือง ลาว khao cha dai pai thiao mueang lao [ kʰǎw t͡ɕaʔ dâj paj tʰîow mɯːəŋ laːw ] ] He visited Laos. ( Past/Perfective )
ex-wife : เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ตี ti tiː reach ได้ dai dâːj ] POT เขา ตี ได้ khao titanium dai [ kʰǎw tiː dâːj ] 3SG reach POT ‘He is/was allowed to hit ‘ or ‘He is/was able to hit. ‘ ( Potentiality )
แล้ว ( laeo, : [ lɛ́ːw ], already ) is treated as a marker indicating the perfect expression. [ 21 ] That is to say, laeo marks the consequence as being completed at the clock time of reference. Laeo has to other meanings in addition to its manipulation as a TAM marker. Laeo can either be a junction for consecutive actions or an antediluvian word for “ to finish ” .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ได้ dai dâːj PST กิน kin kin ] corrode เขา ได้ กิน khao dai kin [ kʰǎw dâːj kin ] 3SG PST corrode He eat .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG กิน akin akin consume แล้ว laeo lɛ́ːw ] PRF เขา กิน แล้ว khao kin laeo [ kʰǎw kin lɛ́ːw ] 3SG consume PRF He has eaten .
เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ได้ dai dâːj PST กิน kin kin eat แล้ว laeo lɛ́ːw ] PRF เขา ได้ กิน แล้ว khao dai kin laeo [ kʰǎw dâːj kin lɛ́ːw ] 3SG PST eat PRF He ‘s already eaten .
future can be indicated by จะ ( cha, [ t͡ɕaʔ ], “ will ” ) before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example :
x : เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG จะ cha t͡ɕaʔ FUT วิ่ง wing wîŋ ] run เขา จะ วิ่ง khao cha wing [ kʰǎw t͡ɕaʔ wîŋ ] 3SG FUT run ‘He will run ‘ or ‘He is going to run. ‘
The passive voice voice is indicated by the insertion of ถูก ( thuk, [ tʰùːk ] ) before the verb. For exemplar :
x : เขา khao [ kʰǎw 3SG ถูก thuk tʰùːk PASS ตี ti tiː ] reach เขา ถูก ตี khao thuk titanium [ kʰǎw tʰùːk tiː ] 3SG PASS hit ‘He is hit. ‘
-
- This describes an action that is out of the receiver’s control and, thus, conveys suffering.
negation is indicated by placing ไม่ ( mai, [ mâj ] not ) before the verb .
- เขาไม่ตี, (khao mai ti) He is not hitting. or He doesn’t hit.
Thai exhibits consecutive verb constructions, where verbs are string together. Some word combinations are common and may be considered sic phrases .
x : เขา khao [ kʰǎw he ไป pai paj go กิน kin kin eat ข้าว khao kʰâːw ] rice เขา ไป กิน ข้าว khao pai kin khao [ kʰǎw paj kin kʰâːw ] he go consume rice ‘He went out to eat ‘
antique : ฉัน chan [ tɕ͡ʰǎn I ฟัง fang faŋ listen ไม่ mai mâj not เข้าใจ khao chai kʰâw tɕ͡aj ] understand ฉัน ฟัง ไม่ เข้าใจ chan fang mai { khao chai } [ tɕ͡ʰǎn faŋ mâj { kʰâw tɕ͡aj } ] I listen not understand ‘I do n’t understand what was said ‘
antique : เข้า khao [ kʰâw embark มา master of arts maː ] come เข้า มา khao ma [ kʰâw maː ] enroll come ‘Come in ‘
x : ออก o [ ʔɔ̀ːk passing ไป ! pai paj ] go ออก ไป ! oklahoma pai [ ʔɔ̀ːk paj ] exit go ‘Leave ! ‘ or ‘Get out ! ‘
Nouns [edit ]
Nouns are uninflected and have no sex ; there are no articles. Thai nouns are bare nouns and can be interpreted as singular, plural, definite or indefinite. [ 23 ] Some specific nouns are reduplicated to form collectives : เด็ก ( dek, child ) is much repeated as เด็ก ๆ ( dek dek ) to refer to a group of children. The parole พวก ( phuak, [ pʰûak ] ) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the be bible. ( พวกผม, phuak phom, [ pʰûak pʰǒm ], we, masculine ; พวกเรา phuak rao, [ pʰûak raw ], emphasised we ; พวกหมา phuak ma, (the) dogs ). Plurals are expressed by adding classifiers, used as bill words ( ลักษณนาม ), in the kind of noun-number-classifier :
ครู khru teacher ห้า hour angle five คน khon person ครู ห้า คน khru hour angle khon teacher five person “ five teachers ”
While in English, such classifiers are normally lacking ( “ four chairs ” ) or optional ( “ two bottles of beer ” or “ two beers ” ), a classifier is about constantly used in Thai ( therefore “ professorship four token ” and “ beer two bottle ” ). possession in Thai is indicated by adding the discussion ของ ( khong ) in battlefront of the noun or pronoun, but it may frequently be omitted. For exemplar :
ลูก luk child ของ khong belong to แม่ mae mother ลูก ของ แม่ luk khong mae child { belonging to } mother “ mother ‘s child ”
นา na field อา a uncle นา อา na a field uncle “ uncle ‘s field ” [ 24 ]
noun phrase Phrases [edit ]
nominal phrases in Thai much use a limited class of words classifiers. As previously mentioned, these classifiers are obligatory for noun phrases containing numerals e.g
ผู้หญิง phuying [ pʰuːjiŋ womanhood สอง song sɔːŋ two คน khon kʰon ] chlorine ผู้หญิง สอง คน phuying song khon [ pʰuːjiŋ sɔːŋ kʰon ] womanhood two CL “ two women ” [ 25 ]
In the former example khon acts as the classifier in the nominal give voice. This follows the shape of noun-cardinal-classifier mentioned above. Classifiers are besides required to form quantify noun phrases in Thai with some quantifiers such as ทุก ( all ), บาง ( some ). The examples below are demonstrated using the classifier khon, which is used for people .
นักเรียน nak rian scholar ทุก thuk every คน khon one hundred fifty { นักเรียน } ทุก คน { nak rian } thuk khon scholar every centiliter “ every scholar ”
ครู khru teacher บาง sleep together some คน khon chlorine ครู บาง คน khru bang khon teacher some CL
however, classifiers are not use for negative quantification. negative quantification is expressed by the radiation pattern ไม่มี ( mai secret intelligence service, [ majmiː ] ) + NOUN. Classifiers are besides used for demonstratives such as นี้ ( nickel, this/these) and นั่น ( nan, that/those). The syntax for demonstrative pronoun phrases, however, differ from that of cardinals and follow the pattern noun-classifier-demonstrative. For case, the noun phrase “ this cad ” would be expressed in Thai as หมาตัวนี้ ( fall. cad ( classifier ) this ). [ 25 ] Classifiers in Thai
Pronouns [edit ]
subjugate pronouns are much omitted, with nicknames used where English would use a pronoun. See Thai name calling # Formal and informal names for more details. Pronouns, when used, are ranked in honorific registers, and may besides make a T–V distinction in relation to kinship and social condition. Specialised pronouns are used for royalty, and for Buddhist monks. The following are appropriate for colloquial use :
| Word | RTGS | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ผม | phom | [ pʰǒm ] | I/me (masculine; formal) |
| ดิฉัน | dichan | [ dìʔt͡ɕʰán ]) | I/me (feminine; formal) |
| ฉัน | chan | [ t͡ɕʰǎn ] | I/me (mainly used by women; informal) Commonly pronounced as [ t͡ɕʰán ] |
| กู | ku | [ kū ] | I/me (informal/impolite) |
| หนู | nuu | [nǔ] | I/me (used by women when speaking to people much older than themselves)[26] |
| เรา | rao | [ raw ] | we/us, I/me (casual), you (sometimes used but only when older person speaks to younger person) |
| คุณ | khun | [ kʰun ] | you (polite) |
| ท่าน | than | [ tʰân ] | you (highly honorific) |
| เธอ | thoe | [ tʰɤː ] | you (informal), she/her (informal) |
| พี่ | phi | [ pʰîː ] | older brother, sister (also used for older acquaintances) |
| น้อง | nong | [ nɔːŋ ] | younger brother, sister (also used for younger acquaintances) |
| เขา | khao | [ kʰǎw ] | he/him, she/her |
| มัน | man | [ man ] | it, he/she (sometimes casual or offensive if used to refer to a person) |
The reflexive pronoun is ตัวเอง ( tua eng ), which can mean any of : myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves. This can be blend with another pronoun to create an intensifier pronoun, such as ตัวผมเอง ( tua phom eng, light up : I myself ) or ตัวคุณเอง ( tua khun eng, fall : you yourself ). Thai besides does not have a separate possessive pronoun. alternatively, possession is indicated by the particle ของ ( khong ). For example, “ my mother ” is แม่ของผม ( mae khong phom, ignite : mother of I ). This atom is frequently implicit, so the give voice is shortened to แม่ผม ( mae phom ). plural pronouns can be easily constructed by adding the bible พวก ( phuak ) in front of a singular pronoun as in พวกเขา ( phuak khao ) meaning they or พวกเธอ ( phuak thoe ) meaning the plural feel of you. The lone exception to this is เรา ( rao ), which can be used as singular ( cozy ) or plural, but can besides be used in the kind of พวกเรา ( phuak rao ), which is only plural. Thai has many more pronouns than those listed above. Their use is full of nuances. For model :
- “ผม เรา ฉัน ดิฉัน หนู กู ข้า กระผม ข้าพเจ้า กระหม่อม อาตมา กัน ข้าน้อย ข้าพระพุทธเจ้า อั๊ว เขา” all translate to “I”, but each expresses a different gender, age, politeness, status, or relationship between speaker and listener.
- เรา (rao) can be first person (I), second person (you), or both (we), depending on the context.
- Children or younger female could use or being referred by word หนู (nu) when talking with older person. The word หนู could be both feminine first person (I) and feminine second person (you) and also neuter first and neuter second person for children.
- หนู commonly means rat or mouse, though it also refers to small creatures in general.
- The second person pronoun เธอ (thoe) (lit: you) is semi-feminine. It is used only when the speaker or the listener (or both) are female. Males usually don’t address each other by this pronoun.
- Both คุณ (khun) and เธอ (thoe) are polite neuter second person pronouns. However, คุณเธอ (khun thoe) is a feminine derogative third person.
- Instead of a second person pronoun such as “คุณ” (you), it is much more common for unrelated strangers to call each other “พี่ น้อง ลุง ป้า น้า อา ตา ยาย” (brother/sister/aunt/uncle/granny).
- To express deference, the second person pronoun is sometimes replaced by a profession, similar to how, in English, presiding judges are always addressed as “your honor” rather than “you”. In Thai, students always address their teachers by “ครู” or “คุณครู” or “อาจารย์” (each means “teacher”) rather than คุณ (you). Teachers, monks, and doctors are almost always addressed this way.
Particles [edit ]
The particles are much untranslatable words added to the end of a conviction to indicate regard, a request, encouragement or other moods ( exchangeable to the consumption of intonation in English ), adenine well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in elegant ( written ) Thai. The most coarse particles indicating deference are ครับ ( khrap, [ kʰráp ], with a high tone ) when the speaker is male, and ค่ะ ( kha, [ kʰâ ], with a falling tone ) when the speaker is female. Used in a question or a request, the atom ค่ะ ( falling tone ) is changed to a คะ ( high timbre ). early park particles are :
| Word | RTGS | IPA | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| จ้ะ, จ้า or จ๋า | cha/ja | [ t͡ɕâː ] | indicating emphasis. Used in a less formal context when speaking to friends or someone younger than yourself[27] |
| ละ or ล่ะ | la | [ láʔ ] | indicating emphasis. |
| สิ | si | [ sìʔ ] | indicating emphasis or an imperative. It can come across as ordering someone to do something[27] |
| นะ | na | [ náʔ ] | softening; indicating a request or making your sentence sound more friendly. |
register [edit ]
central Thai is composed of several discrete registers, forms for different social context :
- Street or Common Thai (ภาษาพูดphasa phut, spoken Thai): informal, without polite terms of address, as used between close relatives and friends.
- Elegant or Formal Thai (ภาษาเขียนphasa khian, written Thai): official and written version, includes respectful terms of address; used in simplified form in newspapers.
- Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking.
- Religious Thai: (heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Pāli) used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks.
- Royal Thai (ราชาศัพท์, racha sap): influenced by Khmer, this is used when addressing members of the royal family or describing their activities. (See Monarchy of Thailand § Rachasap.)
Most thai can speak and understand all of these contexts. Street and Elegant Thai are the footing of all conversations. [ 28 ] [ citation needed ] Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as separate of the national course of study. As noted above, Thai has several registers, each having certain usages, such as colloquial, formal, literary, and poetic. frankincense, the parole “ eat ” can be กิน ( kin ; common ), แดก ( daek ; common ), ยัด ( yat ; common ), บริโภค ( boriphok ; formal ), รับประทาน ( rapprathan ; conventional ), ฉัน ( chan ; religious ), or เสวย ( sawoei ; royal ), as illustrated below :
| “to eat” | IPA | Usage | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| กิน | /kīn/ | common | |
| แดก | /dɛ̀ːk/ | vulgar | |
| ยัด | /ját/ | vulgar | Original meaning is ‘to cram’ |
| บริโภค | /bɔ̄ː.ri.pʰôːk/ | formal, literary | |
| รับประทาน | /ráp.pra.tʰāːn/ | formal, polite | Often shortened to ทาน /tʰāːn/. |
| ฉัน | /t͡ɕʰǎn/ | religious | |
| เสวย | /sa.wɤ̌ːj/ | royal |
Thailand besides uses the distinctive Thai six-hour clock in accession to the 24-hour clock .
vocabulary [edit ]
early than colonial words and words of alien origin, most words are monosyllabic. Chinese-language determine was strong until the thirteenth hundred when the use of chinese characters was abandoned, and replaced by Sanskrit and Pali scripts. however, the vocabulary of Thai retains many words borrowed from Middle Chinese. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] subsequently most vocabulary was borrowed from Sanskrit and Pāli ; Buddhist terminology is particularly indebted to these. indic words have a more dinner dress register, and may be compared to Latin and french borrowings in English. Old Khmer has besides contributed its plowshare, specially in respect to royal court terminology. Since the begin of the twentieth hundred, however, the English terminology has had the greatest influence, specially for scientific, technical, external, and other modern terms .
| Origin | Example | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Native Tai | ไฟ น้ำ เมือง รุ่งเรือง |
/fāj/ /náːm/ /mɯ̄əŋ/ /rûŋ.rɯ̄əŋ/ |
fire water city prosperous |
| Indic sources: Pali or Sanskrit |
อัคนี ชล นคร วิโรจน์ |
/ʔāk.kʰa.nīː/ /t͡ɕōn/ /náʔ.kʰɔ̄ːn/ /wíʔ.rôːt/ |
fire water city prosperous |
| Arabic words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| الْقُرْآن (al-qurʾān) or قُرْآن (qurʾān) | อัลกุรอาน or โกหร่าน | /an.kù.rá.aːn/ or /kō.ràːn/ | Quran |
| رجم (rajm) | ระยำ | /rá.jam/ | bad, vile (pejorative) |
From Middle Chinese or Teochew Chinese .
| Chinese words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| 交椅 ( teochew : gao1 in2) | เก้าอี้ | /kâw.ʔîː/ | chair |
| 粿條 / 粿条 ( min grandma : kóe-tiâu) | ก๋วยเตี๋ยว | /kǔəj.tǐəw/ | rice noodle |
| 姐 ( hokkien : chiá/ché, teochew : zê2/zia2) | เจ้ or เจ๊ | /t͡ɕêː/ or /t͡ɕéː/ | older sister (used in Chinese community in Thailand) |
| 二 ( hokkien : jī, teochew : ri6) | ยี่ | /jîː/ | two (archaic), but still used in word ยี่สิบ (/jîː.sìp/; twenty) |
| 豆 ( center chinese : dəuH) | ถั่ว | /tʰùə/ | bean |
| 盎 ( middle chinese : ʔɑŋX/ʔɑŋH) | อ่าง | /ʔàːŋ/ | basin |
| 膠 ( in-between chinese : kˠau) | กาว | /kāːw/ | glue |
| 鯁 ( middle chinese : kˠæŋX) | ก้าง | /kâːŋ/ | fishbone |
| 坎 ( middle chinese : kʰʌmX) | ขุม | /kʰǔm/ | pit |
| 塗 ( center chinese : duo/ɖˠa) | ทา | /tʰāː/ | to smear |
| 退 ( middle chinese : tʰuʌiH) | ถอย | /tʰɔ̌j/ | to step back |
| English words | Thai rendition | IPA | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| bank | แบงก์ | /bɛ́ːŋ/ | means bank or banknote |
| bill | บิล | /biw/ or /bin/ | |
| cake | เค้ก | /kʰéːk/ | |
| captain | กัปตัน | /kàp.tān/ | |
| cartoon | การ์ตูน | /kāː.tūːn/ | |
| clinic | คลินิก | /kʰlīː.nìk/ | |
| computer | คอมพิวเตอร์ | /kʰɔ̄m.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː/ | colloquially shortened to คอม /kʰɔ̄m/ |
| corruption | คอรัปชั่น | /kʰɔː.ráp.tɕʰân/ | |
| diesel | ดีเซล | /dīː.sēn/ | |
| dinosaur | ไดโนเสาร์ | /dāi.nōː.sǎu/ | |
| duel | ดวล | /dūən/ | |
| อีเมล | /ʔīː.mēːw/ | ||
| fashion | แฟชั่น | /fɛ̄ː.t͡ɕʰân/ | |
| golf | กอล์ฟ | /kɔ́ːp/ | |
| government | กัดฟันมัน | /kàt.fān.mān/ | (obsolete) |
| graph | กราฟ | /kráːp/ or /káːp/ | |
| plastic | พลาสติก | /pʰláːt.sà.tìk/ | (educated speech) |
| /pʰát.tìk/ | |||
| quota | โควตา | /kwōː.tâː/ | |
| shampoo | แชมพู | /t͡ɕʰɛ̄m.pʰūː/ | |
| suit | สูท | /sùːt/ | |
| suite | สวีท | /sà.wìːt/ | |
| taxi | แท็กซี่ | /tʰɛ́k.sîː/ | |
| technology | เทคโนโลยี | /tʰék.nōː.lōː.jîː/ | |
| titanium | ไทเทเนียม | /tʰāj.tʰēː.nîəm/ | |
| visa | วีซ่า | /wīː.sâː/ | |
| wreath | (พวง)หรีด | /rìːt/ |
| French words | Thai rendition | IPA | Remark |
|---|---|---|---|
| aval | อาวัล | /ʔāː.wān/ | |
| buffet | บุฟเฟต์ | /búp.fêː/ | |
| café | คาเฟ่ | /kāː.fɛ̄ː/ | |
| chauffeur | โชเฟอร์ | /t͡ɕʰōː.fɤ̀ː/ | |
| consul | กงสุล | /kōŋ.sǔn/ | |
| coupon | คูปอง | /kʰūː.pɔ̄ŋ/ | |
| pain | (ขนม)ปัง | /pāŋ/ | means bread |
| parquet | ปาร์เกต์ | /pāː.kêː/ | |
| pétanque | เปตอง | /pēː.tɔ̄ŋ/ |
From Old Khmer .
| Khmer words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| ក្រុង (/kroŋ/) | กรุง | /krūŋ/ | capital city |
| ខ្ទើយ (/kʰtəɨj/) | กะเทย | /kà.tɤ̄ːj/ | Kathoey |
| ច្រមុះ (/crɑː.moh/) | จมูก | /t͡ɕà.mùːk/ | nose |
| ច្រើន (/craən/) | เจริญ | /t͡ɕà.rɤ̄ːn/ | prosperous |
| ឆ្លាត or ឆ្លាស (/cʰlaːt/ or /cʰlaːh/) |
ฉลาด | /t͡ɕʰà.làːt/ | smart |
| ថ្នល់ (/tʰnɑl/) | ถนน | /tʰà.nǒn/ | road |
| ភ្លើង (/pʰləːŋ/) | เพลิง | /pʰlɤ̄ːŋ/ | fire |
| ទន្លេ (/tun.leː/) | ทะเล | /tʰá.lēː/ | sea |
The Portuguese were the first western state to arrive in what is contemporary Thailand in the sixteenth hundred during the Ayutthaya period. Their influence in craft, particularly weaponry, allowed them to establish a community good outside the capital and practice their religion, arsenic well as exposing and converting the locals to Christianity. Thus, Portuguese words involving trade wind and religion were introduced and used by the locals .
| Portuguese words | Thai rendition | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| carta / cartaz | กระดาษ | /krà.dàːt/ | paper |
| garça | (นก)กระสา | /krà.sǎː/ | heron |
| leilão | เลหลัง | /lēː.lǎŋ/ | auction or low-priced |
| padre | บาท(หลวง) | /bàːt.lǔaŋ/ | (Christian) priest[32] |
| real | เหรียญ | /rǐan/ | coin |
| sabão | สบู่ | /sà.bùː/ | soap |
Writing system [edit ]
“ Kingdom of Thailand ” in Thai script. Thai is written in the Thai script, an abugida written from left to right. many scholars believe [ citation needed ] that it is derived from the Khmer script. surely the numbers were lifted directly from Khmer. The terminology and its script are closely related to the Lao speech and script. Most literate Lao are able to read and understand Thai, as more than half of the Thai vocabulary, grammar, intonation, vowels and so forth are common with the Lao speech. The Thais adopted and modified the Khmer handwriting to create their own write system. While in Thai the pronunciation can largely be inferred from the script, the orthography is complex, with silent letters to preserve original spellings and many letters representing the lapp strait. While the oldest know inscription in the Khmer lyric dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in Thai writing began to appear around 1292 CE. luminary features include :
- It is an abugida script, in which the implicit vowel is a short /a/ in a syllable without final consonant and a short /o/ in a syllable with final consonant.
- Tone markers, if present, are placed above the final onset consonant of the syllable.
- Vowels sounding after an initial consonant can be located before, after, above or below the consonant, or in a combination of these positions.
arrangement [edit ]
There is no universally applied method acting for transcribing Thai into the Latin alphabet. For example, the name of the main airport is transcribed variously as Suvarnabhumi, Suwannaphum, or Suwunnapoom. Guide books, textbooks and dictionaries may each follow different systems. For this reason, most language courses recommend that learners master the Thai script. [ citation needed ] official standards are the Royal Thai General System of Transcription ( RTGS ), published by the Royal Institute of Thailand, [ 33 ] and the about identical ISO 11940-2 defined by the International Organization for Standardization. The RTGS system is increasingly used in Thailand by cardinal and local governments, particularly for road signs. [ 34 ] Its chief drawbacks are that it does not indicate tone or vowel length. As the system is based on pronunciation, not orthography, reconstruction of Thai spelling from RTGS romanisation is not possible .
transliteration [edit ]
The ISO published an external standard for the transliteration of Thai into Roman script in September 2003 ( ISO 11940 ). [ 35 ] By adding diacritics to the Latin letters it makes the transcription reversible, making it a true transliteration. notably, this system is used by Google Translate, although it does not seem to appear in many other context, such as textbooks and other instructional media .
See besides [edit ]
Notes [edit ]
References [edit ]
Citations [edit ]
Sources [edit ]
- อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล และ กัลยารัตน์ ฐิติกานต์นารา. 2549.การเน้นพยางค์กับทำนองเสียงภาษาไทย (Stress and Intonation in Thai ) วารสารภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ ปีที่ 24 ฉบับที่ 2 (มกราคม – มิถุนายน 2549) หน้า 59–76. ISSN 0857-1406 ISSN 2672-9881.
- สัทวิทยา : การวิเคราะห์ระบบเสียงในภาษา. 2547. กรุงเทพฯ : สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์. ISBN 974-537-499-7.
- Diller, Anthony van Nostrand, et al. 2008. The Tai–Kadai Languages. ISBN 978-070-071-457-5.
- Gandour, Jack, Tumtavitikul, Apiluck and Satthamnuwong, Nakarin. 1999. Effects of Speaking Rate on the Thai Tones. Phonetica 56, pp. 123–134.
- Li, Fang-Kuei. A handbook of comparative Tai. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977. Print.
- Rischel, Jørgen. 1998. ‘Structural and Functional Aspects of Tone Split in Thai’. In Sound structure in language, 2009.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck, 1998. The Metrical Structure of Thai in a Non-Linear Perspective. Papers presented to the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1994, pp. 53–71. Udom Warotamasikkhadit and Thanyarat Panakul, eds. Temple, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University.
- Apiluck Tumtavitikul. 1997. The Reflection on the X′ category in Thai. Mon–Khmer Studies XXVII, pp. 307–316.
- อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล. 2539. ข้อคิดเกี่ยวกับหน่วยวากยสัมพันธ์ในภาษาไทย วารสารมนุษยศาสตร์วิชาการ. 4.57-66. ISSN 0859-3485 ISSN 2673-0502.
- Tumtavitikul, Appi. 1995. Tonal Movements in Thai. The Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 188–121. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1994. Thai Contour Tones. Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, pp. 869–875. Hajime Kitamura et al., eds, Ozaka: The Organization Committee of the 26th Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. FO – Induced VOT Variants in Thai. Journal of Languages and Linguistics, 12.1.34 – 56.
- Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. Perhaps, the Tones are in the Consonants? Mon–Khmer Studies XXIII, pp. 11–41.
- Higbie, James and Thinsan, Snea. Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003. ISBN 974-8304-96-5.
- Nacaskul, Karnchana, Ph.D. (ศาสตราจารย์กิตติคุณ ดร.กาญจนา นาคสกุล) Thai Phonology, 4th printing. (ระบบเสียงภาษาไทย, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4) Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Press, 1998. ISBN 978-974-639-375-1.
- Nanthana Ronnakiat, Ph.D. (ดร.นันทนา รณเกียรติ) Phonetics in Principle and Practical. (สัทศาสตร์ภาคทฤษฎีและภาคปฏิบัติ) Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2005. ISBN 974-571-929-3.
- Segaller, Denis. Thai Without Tears: A Guide to Simple Thai Speaking. Bangkok: BMD Book Mags, 1999. ISBN 974-87115-2-8.
- Smyth, David (2002). Thai: An Essential Grammar, first edition. London: Routledge.
- Smyth, David (2014). Thai: An Essential Grammar, second edition. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-041-551-034-9.
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), “Thai”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
far interpretation [edit ]
- Glossaries and word lists
- Dictionaries
- Learners’ resources