stadium In Moscow, Russia

Luzhniki Stadium ( russian : стадион « Лужники », IPA : [ stədʲɪˈon lʊʐnʲɪˈkʲi ] ) is the national stadium of Russia, located in its capital city, Moscow. The full name of the stadium is Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex. Its full seat capacity of 81,000 makes it the largest football stadium in Russia and the ninth-largest stadium in Europe. The stadium is a part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, and is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city. The identify Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bending of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating roughly as “ The Meadows ”. The stadium is located at Luzhniki Street, 24, Moscow. Luzhniki was the independent stadium of the 1980 Olympic Games, hosting the opening and close ceremonies, vitamin a well as some of the competitions, including the concluding of the football tournament. A UEFA Category 4 stadium, Luzhniki hosted the UEFA Cup concluding in 1999 and UEFA Champions League final examination in 2008. The stadium besides hosted such events as Summer Universiade, Goodwill Games and World Athletics Championships. It was the main stadium of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and hosted 7 matches of the tournament, including the open catch and the final.

In the past, its field has been used as the home ground ( at diverse times ) for football games played by CSKA Moscow, Spartak Moscow and Torpedo Moscow. however, there are presently no clubs based at the stadium. nowadays, it is chiefly used as one of the home stadiums of the Russia national football team. The stadium is used from clock time to clock time for assorted other sporting events and for concerts. It is besides used to host the finals of the Russian domestic cup .

location [edit ]

The stadium is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city, southwest of the city center. The identify Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bend of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating approximately as “ The Meadows ”. It was necessity to find a identical bombastic plot of domain, preferably in a green sphere close to the city center that could fit into the transmit function of the capital without excessively a lot trouble. [ 4 ] According to one of the architects : “ On a cheery form day of 1954, we, a group of architects and engineers who were tasked with designing the Central stadium, climbed onto a large paved sphere on the Lenin Hills … the proximity of the river, green mass of clean, fresh air – this circumstance entirely mattered to select the area of the future city of sports … In summation, Luzhniki is located relatively near to the city concentrate and commodious access to major ecstasy systems with all parts of the capital ”. [ 5 ]

Playing coat [edit ]

It was one of the few major european football stadium to use an artificial lurch, having installed a FIFA-approved FieldTurf pitch in 2002. however, a temp natural grass deliver was installed for the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. [ 6 ] The bet on between Chelsea and Manchester United was the foremost UEFA Champions League final hold in Russia. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] On the match day, UEFA gave Luzhniki its elect status. [ 9 ] In August 2016 a permanent hybrid turf was installed, consisting of 95 percentage natural supergrass reinforced with credit card. [ 10 ]

history [edit ]

Background and early years [edit ]

On 23 December 1954, the Government of the USSR adopted a resolution on the structure of a stadium in the Luzhniki sphere in Moscow. [ 11 ] The decision of the soviet Government was a reply to a specific current external situation : By the early on 1950s, soviet athletes took to the universe stage for the beginning time after World War II ( ruthenium. the Great Patriotic War ), participating in the Olympic Games. The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki brought the Soviet team 71 medals ( of which 22 amber ) and moment locate in the unofficial team standings. [ 12 ] It was a major success, but the increased athletic development of the Soviet Union, which was a matter of state policy, required the construction of a new sports complex. The proposed complex was to meet all advanced international standards and at the same clock serve as a train infrastructure for the Olympic team and stadium for boastfully domestic and international competitions. The stadium was built in 1955–56 as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium. The plan began in January 1955 and was completed in 90 days [ 13 ] by the architects Alexander Vlasov, Igor Rozhin, Nikolai Ullas, Alexander Khryakov and engineers Vsevolod Nasonov, Nikolai Reznikov, Vasily Polikarpov. [ 14 ] Building materials came from Leningrad and the armenian SSR, electrical and oak beams for the spectator benches from the ukrainian SSR, furniture from Riga and Kaunas, looking glass was brought from Minsk, electrical equipment from Podolsk in Moscow Oblast, and larch baseball bat from Irkutsk in Siberia. It was necessity to demolish a unharmed area of decay buildings ( including the Trinity Church, which is supposed to be restored ). Because the dirt was heavily waterlogged, about the entire area of the foundations of the complex had to be raised half a meter. 10,000 piles were hammered into the reason and dredgers reclaimed about 3 million cubic metres of land. The sum area of the stadium occupies 160 hectares. [ 15 ] Eight thousand people moved home to make plaza for the stadium. The Church Tikhvin, an architectural repository of the eighteenth hundred was moved, excessively. [ 16 ] The stadium was formally opened on 31 July 1956, [ 17 ] with a friendly football match between the RSFSR and China. 100 thousand spectators welcomed the event. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The stadium was built in just 450 days. It was the national stadium of the Soviet Union, and is now the national stadium of Russia. [ 20 ] In 1960 a 26-foot bronze statue of Lenin by sculptor Matvei Manizer, which was created for Expo 58 in Brussel, was placed on the squarely in front man of the main stadium entrance. [ 21 ]

1980 Summer Olympics [edit ]

Luzhniki Stadium during the 1980 Summer Olympics In 1976–1979 the sports complex was repaired for the first time. [ 22 ] The stadium was the chief venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics, [ 23 ] the spectator pump capacity being 103,000 at that time. The events hosted in this stadium were the afford and close ceremonies, athletics, football finals, and the individual alternate expansive prix. [ 24 ] then General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet Leonid Brezhnev declared the XXII Summer Olympic Games open. [ 25 ]

1982 Luzhniki disaster [edit ]

On 20 October 1982, catastrophe struck during a UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem. 66 people died in the stampede, [ 26 ] which made it Russia ‘s worst sporting calamity and most celebrated cover-up at the time .

1990s and 2000s [edit ]

Luzhniki Stadium in 2009 In the spring of 1992, the state enterprise, including the sports building complex, was privatized and renamed the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, and by June of the same class, Lenin ‘s name was removed. [ 27 ] An extensive renovation in 1996 saw the construction of a roof over the stands, and the renovation of the seating areas, resulting in a decrease in capability. [ 17 ] Till the renovation, the stadium could accommodate 81 thousand people. [ 28 ] In 1998, the stadium was listed by UEFA in the number of 5-star european football stadiums. [ 29 ] The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final in which Parma defeated Marseille in the second base UEFA Cup concluding to be played as a one regular. [ 30 ] The Luzhniki Stadium was chosen by the UEFA to host the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final win by Manchester United who beat Chelsea in the first all-English Champions League final examination on 21 May. The match passed incident-free and a spokesman for the british Embassy in Moscow said, “ The security and logistic arrangements put in identify by the russian authorities have been ace, as has been their cooperation with their visit counterparts from the UK. ” [ 31 ]

In August 2013, the stadium hosted the World Athletics Championships. [ 32 ]

renovation for FIFA World Cup [edit ]

The animate stadium The original stadium was demolished in 2013 to give a way for the construction of a newfangled stadium. however, the self-supported blanket was retained. The facade wall was retained equally well, ascribable to its architectural measure, and was by and by reconnected to the new construct. construction of the newfangled stadium was completed in 2017. [ 33 ] The total price of repairs was 24 billion rubles. [ 34 ] The 2018 FIFA World Cup was held in Russia with the Luzhniki Stadium selected as the venue for the afford meet and besides the final, which was held on 15 July 2018. For the 2018 World Cup the stadium organized six checkpoints with 39 inspection lanes and seven pedestrian points with 427 points for the passing of spectators. About 900 scanners, 3000 cameras and monitors were installed. extra seats were provided for fans with disabilities. [ 35 ] The stadium ‘s capacity was increased from 78,000 to 81,000 seats, [ 36 ] partially caused by the removal of the athletics track around the flip. In 2018 FIFA named the stadium as best stadium in the world. [ 37 ] The stadium joins Rome ‘s Stadio Olimpico, London ‘s erstwhile Wembley Stadium, Berlin ‘s Olympiastadion and Munich ‘s Olympiastadion as the only stadiums to have hosted the finals of the FIFA World Cup and UEFA ‘s european Cup/Champions League and featured as a chief stadium of the Summer Olympic Games. Saint Denis ‘ Stade de France is scheduled to become another in 2024 .

Largest fun events [edit ]

Luzhniki Stadium during 2013 IAAF World Championships

Concerts and other events [edit ]

Moscow Music Peace Festival

celebrated events [edit ]

The dress room When the Luzhniki Stadium hosted the concluding game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championship between Sweden and the Soviet Union, it was attended by a push of 55,000 and set a new world criminal record at the time. [ 42 ] On 23 May 1963, Fidel Castro made a historic lecture in Luzhniki Stadium during his record 38-day visit to the Soviet Union. [ 43 ] New Japan Pro-Wrestling, the japanese professional writhe promotion, ran a show in 1989. [ 44 ] Luzhniki Stadium besides makes an appearance in the russian supernatural thriller film Night Watch ( russian : Ночной дозор, Nochnoy Dozor ), during the power shut-down scene when the ability post goes into clog. The stadium is seen with a match taking place, and then the lights go out. In 2008, Manchester United beat Chelsea on penalties after a 1–1 draw to win their third european Cup. This was United ‘s third appearance in the final, and Chelsea ‘s inaugural. [ 7 ]

2018 FIFA World Cup [edit ]

Luzhniki Stadium hosted seven games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, including the open and the final examination matches .

security measures [edit ]

During the World Cup, Luzhniki had six entree control stations with 39 inspection lines, and seven access manipulate points with 427 entrances for fans arriving on foot. The grounds were serviced by 3,000 surveillance cameras and about 900 scanners, monitors, and detectors. [ 52 ]

Services for fans [edit ]

The stadium stands included limited observation areas for people with disabilities, which offered space for wheelchairs and accompanying persons. In addition, after the reconstruction, the stadium was equipped with limited extra-wide seats for plus-size spectators. Additional services for spectators available at the stadium : navigation aid from volunteers, storehouse rooms, registration of children, lost and found position, and sound recording descriptive comment for blind or visually afflicted fans. [ citation needed ]

References [edit ]

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