german pharmaceuticals company
This article is about the company. For other uses, see Bayer ( disambiguation )
Bayer facility in Leverkusen

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Bayer AG ( ; german : [ ˈbaɪɐ ] ) is a german multinational pharmaceutical and biography sciences company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the global. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer ‘s areas of business include pharmaceuticals ; consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock grocery store exponent. [ 3 ] Bayer was founded in 1863 in Barmen as a partnership between dye salesman Friedrich Bayer and dyer Friedrich Weskott. As was common in this earned run average, the company was established as a dye producer. The versatility of aniline chemistry led Bayer to expand their clientele into other areas, and in 1899 Bayer launched the intensify acetylsalicylic acid under the brand name Aspirin. In 1904 Bayer received a brand for the “ Bayer Cross ” logo, which was subsequently stamped onto each aspirin pill, creating an iconic intersection that is distillery sold by Bayer. other normally known products initially commercialized by Bayer include heroin, phenobarbitol, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates. In 1925 Bayer merged with five early german companies to form IG Farben, creating the world ‘s largest chemical and pharmaceutical company. Following World War II, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben ‘s assets [ a ] [ 4 ] because of its role in the Nazi war campaign and engagement in the Holocaust, which included using slave labor from assiduity camps, the buy of humans for dangerous checkup test and production of Zyklon B, a chemical used in gas chambers. [ 5 ] In 1951 IG Farben was split into its constituent companies, and Bayer was reincorporated as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Bayer played a identify function in the Wirtschaftswunder in post-war West Germany, quickly regaining its position as one of the world ‘s largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations .

early history [edit ]

foundation [edit ]

share of Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Comp in Elberfeld, issued 1 May 1908 Bayer AG was founded as a dye factory in 1863 in Barmen ( later separate of Wuppertal ), Germany, by Friedrich Bayer and his collaborator, Johann Friedrich Weskott, a master dyer. Bayer was responsible for the commercial tasks. Fuchsine and aniline became the company ‘s most important products. [ citation needed ] The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in Elberfeld in 1866. Friedrich Bayer ( 1851–1920 ), son of the company ‘s founder, was a pharmacist and joined the company in 1873. After the death of his church father in 1880, the caller became a joint-stock company, Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayern & Co, besides known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken. [ citation needed ]
A far expansion in Elberfeld was impossible, so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the sphere of the alizarin producer Leverkus and Sons. A newfangled city, Leverkusen, was founded there in 1930 and became home to Bayer AG ‘s headquarter. The company ‘s corporate logo, the Bayer traverse, was introduced in 1904, consisting of the discussion BAYER written vertically and horizontally, sharing the Y and enclosed in a r-2. An light version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen. [ 8 ]

aspirin [edit ]

Bottle of Bayer aspirin, 1899 Bayer ‘s first major product was acetylsalicylic acid —first described by french pharmacist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853 —a alteration of salicylic acid or salicin, a family remedy found in the bark of the willow plant. [ 11 ] By 1899, Bayer ‘s trademark Aspirin was registered global for Bayer ‘s mark of acetylsalicylic acerb, but it lost its trademark status in the United States, France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer ‘s US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States, and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word. [ 12 ] The term aspirin continued to be used in the US, UK and France for all brands of the drug, [ 12 ] but it is still a register trademark of Bayer in over 80 countries, including Canada, Mexico, Germany and Switzerland. As of 2011, approximately 40,000 tons of aspirin were produced each class and 10–20 billion tablets consumed in the United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events. [ 13 ] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health organization. [ 14 ] There is an unsolved controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin. Arthur Eichengrün, a Bayer pharmacist, said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have the unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain. He besides said he had invented the appoint aspirin and was the first person to use the fresh formulation to test its safety and efficacy. Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to help his father, who had arthritis. [ 15 ] Various sources support the conflicting claims. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and/or Eichengrün. [ 11 ] [ 17 ]

heroin [edit ]

Bayer Heroin bottle Heroin ( heroin ), nowadays illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for morphine, [ 18 ] and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and nonprescription treatment for early common ailments, including pneumonia and tuberculosis. Bayer scientists were not the inaugural to make heroin, but the company led the way in commercializing it. [ 20 ] Heroin was a Bayer hallmark until after World War I. [ 21 ] Bayer ‘s director of pharmacology did not want the drug to have “ excessively complicated a name ” indeed Bayer settled on heroisch, the german word for heroic. [ 22 ]

sodium thiopental [edit ]

In 1903, Bayer licensed the apparent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituric acid from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the craft name Veronal as a sleep aid begin in 1904. systematic investigations of the consequence of structural changes on authority and duration of action at Bayer led to the discovery of sodium thiopental in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most wide used drugs for the discussion of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization ‘s list of essential medications. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

World War I [edit ]

Bayer ad, 1911 During World War I ( 1914–1918 ), Bayer ‘s assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in the United States, Canada and several other countries. [ 1 ] In the United States and Canada, Bayer ‘s assets and trademarks, including the long-familiar Bayer cross, were acquired by Sterling Drug, a harbinger of Sterling Winthrop and were not reclaimed until 1994. Throughout the war, Bayer was involved in production and development of diverse chemical weapons. In 1914, Bayer manufactured dianisidine chlorosulfate for function in 105 millimeter weapon shell, intended as a lung irritant against british forces. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In 1916, Bayer scientists discovered suramin, an anti- leech drug that is distillery sold by Bayer under the stigmatize list Germanin. The formula of suramin was kept hidden by Bayer for commercial reasons, but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by Ernest Fourneau and his team at the Pasteur Institute. [ 28 ] It is on the World Health Organization ‘s List of Essential Medicines. [ 29 ]

IG Farben [edit ]

In 1925, Bayer became part of IG Farben, a german conglomerate formed from the fusion of six chemical companies : BASF, Bayer, Hoechst ( including Cassella and Chemische Fabrik Kalle ), Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer. In the 1930s, Gerhard Domagk, director of Bayer ‘s Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, discovered prontosil, the first commercially available antibacterial drug. The discovery and development of this first sulfa drug drug opened a raw earned run average in medicine. [ page needed ] Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 “ for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil ”. [ 33 ] He was forced by the Nazi Party to relinquish the advantage ; german citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since the Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a german pacifist, Carl von Ossietzky. [ 34 ]

World War II and the Holocaust [edit ]

Helge Wehmeier, then CEO of Bayer, offered a public apology in 1995 to Elie Wiesel for the caller ‘s actions during World War II ( 1939–1945 ) and the Holocaust. [ 35 ] IG Farben, Bayer ‘s rear party, used slave labour in factories it built in Nazi concentration camps, most notably in the Monowitz concentration camp ( known as Auschwitz III ), separate of the Auschwitz camp complex in German-occupied Poland. [ 37 ] By 1943, about one-half of IG Farben ‘s 330,000-strong work force consisted of slave british labour party or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. Helmuth Vetter, an Auschwitz camp doctor, SS captain and employee of the Bayer group within IG Farben conducted aesculapian experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp. [ 40 ] In one study of an anesthetic, the company paid RM 170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss, the Auschwitz commanding officer : “ The enchant of 150 women arrived in estimable discipline. however, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during the experiments. We would charitable request that you send us another group of women to the lapp number and at the same price. ” [ 43 ] After the war, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben for “ wittingly and prominently … building up and maintain German war electric potential ”. [ a ] [ 45 ] It was split into its six component companies in 1951, then split again into three : BASF, Bayer and Hoechst. [ 46 ] Bayer was at that charge known as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG ; it changed its name to Bayer AG in 1972. After the war, some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial, one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction. Among them was Fritz ter Meer, who helped to plan the Monowitz camp ( Auschwitz III ) and IG Farben ’ s Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz, where aesculapian experiment had been conducted and where 25,000 push laborers were deployed. Ter Meer was sentenced to seven years, but was released in 1950 for good behavior. He was elected to Bayer AG ’ s supervisory control panel in 1956, a side he retained until 1964. [ 48 ]

Products [edit ]

overview [edit ]

In 1953, Bayer brought the first major tranquilizer ( chlorpromazine ) onto the german market. [ 49 ] In the 1960s, Bayer introduced a pregnancy examination, Primodos, that consisted of two pills that contained norethisterone ( as acetate rayon ) and ethinylestradiol. It detected pregnancy by inducing menstruation in women who were not fraught ; the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the exploiter was meaning. The test became the subject of controversy when it was blamed for birth defects, and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the tell for adverse effects to be inconclusive. [ 50 ]
In 1978, Bayer purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories, acquiring along with them a variety of merchandise lines including Alka-Seltzer, Flintstones vitamins and One-A-Day vitamins, and Cutter insect rebarbative. [ 51 ] Along with the purchase of Cutter, Bayer acquired Cutter ‘s Factor VIII business. Factor VIII, a curdle agent used to treat hemophilia, was produced, at the prison term, by processing donated lineage. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic, people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983 the CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection. According to the New York Times, this was “ one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history ”. Companies, including Bayer, developed new ways to treat donate blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997, Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $ 660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliac infected in United States. But in 2003, documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside the US until 1985, including in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, to offload a intersection they were unable to sell in Europe and the US ; they besides continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months. Bayer said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new merchandise. [ 52 ] Bayer has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products. In the former 1990s it introduced a lipid-lowering medicine drug, Baycol ( cerivastatin ), but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, Bayer discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was rhabdomyolysis, causing kidney failure, which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed interchange medications of the lipid-lowering medicine class. [ 53 ] Trasylol ( aprotinin ), used to control bleeding during major surgery, was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased deathrate emerged ; it was later reintroduce in Europe but not in the US. [ citation needed ]

Top-selling pharmaceutical products [edit ]

In 2014, pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer ‘s €40.15 billion in gross tax income. [ 54 ] In 2019, identified “ key emergence ” products were Xarelto ( rivaroxaban ), Eylea ( aflibercept ), Stivarga ( regorafenib ), Xofigo ( radium-223 ), and Adempas ( riociguat ). [ 55 ] : 93 Top-selling products as of 2014 included :

agrarian [edit ]

Bayer produces diverse fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some snip varieties. [ 77 ]

Acquisitions [edit ]

Bayer factory in Leverkusen, Germany, 2009

overview [edit ]

In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop ‘s over-the-counter ( OTC ) drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reclaiming the U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to “ Bayer ” and the Bayer hybridization, american samoa well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada. [ 95 ] In 2004, Bayer HealthCare acquired the over-the-counter pharmaceutical division of Roche. [ 96 ] In March 2008, Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc., a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of the Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and others. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at Institute, West Virginia, United States. A runaway reaction ruptured a tank car and the resulting explosion killed two employees. [ 99 ] The tear tank was close to a methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by the explosion. [ 100 ]

Acquisition of Schering [edit ]

In March 2006, Merck KGaA announced a €14.6bn wish for Schering AG, founded in 1851. By 2006, Schering had annual crude gross of around €5 billion [ 101 ] and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide. Bayer responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6bn, [ 103 ] and in 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering was the largest take-over in Bayer ‘s history, [ 104 ] and as of 2015, was one of the ten biggest drug company mergers of all clock time. [ 105 ]

other acquisitions [edit ]

In November 2010, Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group. [ 106 ] Bayer partnered on the growth of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta, and in 2014, moved to acquire the company for approximately $ 2.9 billion. [ 107 ] In 2014, Bayer agreed to buy Merck ‘s consumer health business for $ 14.2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl ‘s. Bayer would attain second station globally in nonprescription drugs. [ 108 ] In June 2015, Bayer agreed to sell its diabetic care business to Panasonic Healthcare Holdings for a fee of $ 1.02 billion. [ 109 ] In August 2019, the business acquired the ~60 % of BlueRock Therapeutics it did n’t already own for up to $ 600 million. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] In August 2020, Bayer announced it had acquired KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd, helping to boost its female healthcare business, for $ 425 million. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] In October, Bayer agreed to acquire Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals for $ 2 billion upfront. [ 115 ] In June 2021, the company announced it acquire Noria Therapeutics Inc. and PSMA Therapeutics Inc. gaining rights to a issue of cancer-based investigational compounds based on actinium-225. [ 116 ]

Spin off of Covestro [edit ]

In September 2015, Bayer spun out its $ 12.3 billion materials skill division into a separate, publicly traded company called Covestro in which it retained about a 70 % concern. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Bayer spun out the part because it had relatively first gear net income margins compared to its life science divisions ( 10.2 %, compared with 24.9 % for the farming occupation and 27.5 % for healthcare ) and because the commercial enterprise required high levels of investment to maintain its increase, and to more intelligibly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences. [ 117 ] Covestro shares were first offered on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2015. [ 119 ] Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro, Bayer rebranded itself as a life sciences company, and restructured into three divisions and one business unit : Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, Crop Science, and Animal Health. [ 120 ]

Acquisition of Monsanto [edit ]

In May 2016, Bayer offered to buy U.S. seeds company Monsanto for $ 62 billion. [ 121 ] shortly after Bayer ‘s offer, Monsanto rejected the learning offer, seeking a higher price. [ 122 ] In September 2016, Monsanto agreed to a $ 66 billion offer by Bayer. [ 123 ] In order to receive regulative approval, Bayer agreed to divest a significant sum of its stream agricultural assets to BASF in a series of deals. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] On 21 March 2018 the consider was approved by the European Union, [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018. [ 130 ] The sale closed on 7 June 2018. [ 131 ] The Monsanto brand was discontinued ; its products will be marketed under the Bayer name. [ 132 ] On 16 September 2019, under the blessing of National Company Law Tribunal, Bayer completed the amalgamation of Monsanto India. [ 133 ]

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Bayer ‘s Monsanto learning is the biggest acquisition by a german party to date. [ 134 ] however, owing to ongoing litigation concerning the herbicide Roundup, produced by Monsanto, the batch is considered one of the worst corporate deals ever agreed, owing to the massive fiscal and reputational blows it has caused Bayer. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ]

Acquisition history [edit ]

Bayer Acquisitions

  • Bayer
    • Miles Laboratories (Acq 1978)
      • Miles Canada
    • Cutter Laboratories
    • Hollister-Stier
    • Corn King Company
    • Plastron Specialties
    • Pacific Plastics Company
    • Olympic Plastics Company
    • Ashe-Lockhart Inc
    • Haver-Glover Laboratories
    • Sterling Winthrop (Acq 1994, Over the counter division)
    • Roche Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2004, Over the counter division)
    • Schering AG (Acq 2006, formed Bayer Schering Pharma AG, renamed Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals in 2011)
    • Jenapharm
    • Bomac Group (Acq 2010)
    • Algeta (Acq 2014)
    • Merck & Co (Acq 2014, Consumer Health Business)
    • Monsanto (Spun off from Pharmacia & Upjohn 2000)
      • Emergent Genetics (Acq 2005)
      • Seminis (Acq 2005)
      • Icoria, Inc (Acq 2005)
      • Delta & Pine Land Company (Acq 2007)
      • De Ruiter Seeds (Acq 2008)
      • Agroeste Sementes (Acq 2008)
      • Aly Participacoes Ltda (Acq 2008)
        • CanaVialis S.A.
        • Alellyx S.A.
      • Divergence, Inc (Acq 2011)
      • Beeologics (Acq 2011)
      • Precision Planting Inc (Acq 2012)
      • Climate Corp (Acq 2013)
        • 640 Labs (Acq 2014)
      • Agradis, Inc (Acq 2013)
      • Rosetta Green Ltd (Acq 2013)
      • American Seeds, Inc
        • Channel Bio Corp (Acq 2004)
        • Stone Seeds (Acq 2005)
        • Trelay Seeds (Acq 2005)
        • Stewart Seeds (Acq 2005)
        • Fontanelle Hybrids (Acq 2005)
        • Specialty Hybrids (Acq 2005) 
        • NC+ Hybrids, Inc (Acq 2005)
        • Diener Seeds (Seed marketing and sales division, acq 2006)
        • Sieben Hybrids (Acq 2006)
        • Kruger Seed Company (Acq 2006)
        • Trisler Seed Farms (Acq 2006)
        • Campbell Seed ((Seed marketing and sales business, acq 2006))
        • Gold Country Seed, Inc (Acq 2006)
        • Heritage Seeds (Acq 2013)
      • International Seed Group, Inc
        • Poloni Semences (Acq 2007)
        • Charentais Melon Breeding Company (Acq 2007)
    • BlueRock Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
    • KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd (Acq 2020)
    • Asklepios BioPharmaceutical (Acq 2020)
    • Noria Therapeutics Inc. (Acq 2021)
    • PSMA Therapeutics Inc. (Acq 2021)
    • Vividion Therapeutics (Acq 2021)

corporate social organization [edit ]

Undated bull token of Bayer In 2003, to separate functional and strategic managements, Bayer AG was reorganized into a holding ship’s company. The group ‘s core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer AG. These companies were : Bayer CropScience AG ; Bayer HealthCare AG ; Bayer MaterialScience AG and Bayer Chemicals AG, and the three serve limited companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. In 2016, the company began a second restructure with the aim of allowing it to transition to a life sciences based company. [ 137 ] By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off-loading its Materials division by mid-2016, Bayer will be left with the four congress of racial equality units, as depicted below. [ 138 ] [ 139 ]

Bayer AG
Divested business units

Bayer Pharmaceuticals
Head of Division: Stefan Oelrich
Bayer Consumer Health
Head of Division: Heiko Schipper
Bayer Crop Science
Head of Division: Liam Condon
Lanxess (Bayer Chemicals AG)
Diagnostics Division
Diabetes Devices Division
Covestro (Bayer MaterialScience)
Animal Health Division

Bayer CropScience [edit ]

Bayer CropScience has products in snip protective covering ( i.e. pesticides ), nonagricultural plague see, and seeds and plant biotechnology. In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in genic mastermind of food. [ 140 ] In 2002, Bayer AG acquired Aventis ( now share of Sanofi ) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division ( Bayer Pflanzenschutz or “ craw Protection ” ) to form Bayer CropScience ; the belgian biotechnology company Plant Genetic Systems became function of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition. [ 140 ] besides in 2002, Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the clock was one of the global ‘s top five sow companies. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] : 270 In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience ‘s LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice provide. shortly after the populace learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a twelve farmers $ 48 million. The subject was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgment. [ 143 ] On 1 July 2011, Bayer CropScience agreed to a global colony for up to $ 750 million. [ 144 ] In September 2014, the tauten announced plans to invest $ 1 billion in the United States between 2013 and 2016. A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the product of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto ‘s product, Roundup, which are both used to kill weeds. [ 145 ] In 2016, as share of the wholesale corporate restructure, Bayer CropScience became one of the three major divisions of Bayer AG, reporting directly to the head of the division, Liam Condon. [ 146 ] Under the terms of the amalgamation, Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto ’ s more than 9,000 U.S. jobs and add 3,000 newfangled U.S. high-tech positions. [ 147 ] The prospective fusion parties said at the time the unite farming clientele planned to spend $ 16 billion on research and growth over the adjacent six years and at least $ 8 billion on research and development in the United States. [ 148 ] The Global headquarters of Bayer CropScience is located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Bayer CropScience Limited is the indian subsidiary company of Bayer AG. It is listed on the indian broth exchanges viz. the Bombay Stock Exchange & National Stock Exchange of India and has a market capitalization of $ 2 billion. [ 152 ] Bayer BioScience, headquartered in Hyderabad, India, has about 400 employees, and has inquiry, product, and an extensive sales network spread across India. [ 153 ] [ 154 ]

Bayer Consumer Health [edit ]

Before the 2016 restructure, Bayer HealthCare comprises a far four subdivisions : Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care, Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care. [ 140 ] As part of the corporate restructure, Animal Health was moved into its own occupation unit, leaving the division with the following categories ; Allergy, Analgesics, Cardiovascular Risk Prevention, Cough & Cold, Dermatology, Foot Care, Gastrointestinals, Nutritionals and Sun Care. [ 155 ] Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer ‘s OTC medicines portfolio. key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve, food supplements Redoxon and Berocca, and skin care products Bepanthen and Bepanthol. [ 140 ] Women ‘s healthcare is an case of a General Medicine clientele unit of measurement. Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills Yaz and Yasmin. Both pills use a newer type of progestin hormone called drospirenone in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD ) and moderate acne. early key products include the cancer drug Nexavar, the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon / betaseron and the blood-clotting drug, Kogenate. [ 140 ] In May 2014, it was announced that Bayer would buy Merck & Co ‘s consumer health care unit for $ 14.2 billion. [ 156 ] Bayer besides controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd in China. [ 157 ]

Bayer Pharmaceuticals [edit ]

Headquarters of Bayer Pharmaceuticals in Berlin-Wedding The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products, specially for women ‘s healthcare and cardiology, and besides on peculiarity therapeutics in the areas of oncology, hematology and ophthalmology. The division besides comprises the Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast-enhanced diagnostic imagination equipment together with the necessary contrast agents. [ 158 ] In addition to internal R & D, Bayer has participated in public–private partnerships. One exercise in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Another is the advanced Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the european Commission. [ 161 ]

Defunct occupation units [edit ]

Bayer Chemicals AG ( with the exception of H.C. Starck and Wolff Walsrode ) was combined with certain components of the polymers section to form the new company Lanxess on 1 July 2004 ; Lanxess was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in early 2005. [ 162 ] Bayer HealthCare ‘s Diagnostics Division was acquired by Siemens Medical Solutions in January 2007. [ 163 ] Bayer sold its Animal Health business to Elanco in 2020. [ 164 ] Bayer Diabetes Care managed Bayer ‘s medical devices portfolio. Key products included the lineage glucose monitors Contour Next EZ ( XT ), Contour, Contour USB and Breeze 2 used in the management of diabetes. [ 140 ] The diabetes business unit was sold to Panasonic Healthcare Co. for $ 1.15 billion in June 2015. [ 165 ] Bayer MaterialScience was a supplier of high-tech polymers, and developed solutions for a broad stove of applications relevant to everyday life. [ 140 ] On 18 September 2014, the Board of Directors of Bayer AG announced plans to float the Bayer MaterialScience business on the stock commercialize as a classify entity. [ 166 ] On 1 June 2015, Bayer announced that the new caller would be named Covestro ; [ 167 ] Bayer formally spun out Covestro in September 2015. [ 117 ]

Finances [edit ]

For the fiscal class 2017, Bayer reported earnings of EUR€7.3 billion, with an annual tax income of EUR€35 billion, a decrease of 25.1 % over the former fiscal cycle. [ 168 ] Bayer ‘s shares traded at over €69 per parcel, and its market capitalization was valued at US€65.4 billion in November 2018. [ 169 ] In September 2019, Bayer announced to reduce the issue of management board members from seven to five to reduce overall costs. [ 170 ]

Year

Revenue
in bn. EUR€

Net income
in bn. EUR€

Total Assets
in bn. EUR€

Employees

2013

40,157

3,189

51,317

112,360

2014

42,239

3,426

70,234

118,888

2015

46,324

4,110

73,917

116,800

2016

46,769

4,531

82,238

115,200

2017

35,015

7,336

75,087

99,820

2018

39,586

1,695

126,285

107,894

2019

43,545

2,411

126,258

103,824

2020

41,400

-15,569

117,046

99,538

Bayer 04 Leverkusen [edit ]

In 1904, the company founded the sports club TuS 04 ( “ Turn- und Spielverein five hundred Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co. ” ), belated SV Bayer 04 ( “ Sportvereinigung Bayer 04 Leverkusen ” ), finally becoming TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen ( “ Turn- und Sportverein ” ) in 1984, broadly, however, known just as Bayer 04 Leverkusen. The club is best known for its football team, but has been involved in many other sports, including athletics, fencing, team handball, volleyball, box, and basketball. TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen is one of the largest sports baseball club in Germany. The company besides supports similar clubs at other company sites, including Dormagen ( peculiarly handball ), Wuppertal ( peculiarly volleyball ), and Krefeld-Uerdingen ( featuring another former Bundesliga football baseball club, SC Bayer 05 Uerdingen, immediately KFC Uerdingen 05 ). [ 171 ]

Awards and realization [edit ]

In October 2008, Bayer ‘s canadian division was named one of “ Canada ‘s top 100 Employers “ by Mediacorp Canada Inc. The canadian division was named one of Greater Toronto ‘s acme Employers by the Toronto Star newspaper. [ 172 ] Bayer USA was given a score of 85 ( out of 100 ) in the Human Rights Campaign ‘s 2011 Corporate Equality Index, a quantify of gay and lesbian workplace equality. [ 173 ] In 2016, Standard Ethics Aei gave a rat to Bayer in order to include the caller in its Standard Ethics german Index. Bayer received an EE- rat, the one-fourth tier in an eight-tier rank. [ 174 ] Ranked 3rd in Access to Seeds Index in 2016. [ 175 ] [ 176 ]

litigation [edit ]

roundup [edit ]

In August 2018, two months after Bayer acquired Monsanto, [ 177 ] a U.S. jury ordered Monsanto to pay $ 289 million to a school groundsman who claimed his Non-Hodgkin ‘s lymphoma was caused by regularly using Roundup, a glyphosate -based herbicide produced by Monsanto. [ 178 ] Following the verdict, Bayer ‘s share price dropped by around 14 % or $ 14 Billion in commercialize capitalization. [ 179 ] The caller filed an invoke on 18 September 2018. [ 180 ] Pending attract, the prize was late reduced to $ 78.5 million. [ 181 ] [ 182 ] In November 2018, Monsanto appealed the opinion, asking an appellate court to consider a motion for a new test. [ 182 ] A verdict on the solicitation was delivered in June 2020 upholding the verdict but far reducing the award to $ 21.5 million. [ 183 ] On 13 May 2019, a United States Superior Court Judge ordered Bayer to pay more than $ 2.5 billion in damages to a couple in California, both of whom contracted non-Hodgkin ‘s Lymphoma, late cut to $ 87 million on invoke. [ 184 ] ) In June 2020, the company agreed to pay $ 9.6 billion to settle more than 10,000 lawsuits claiming injury from Roundup, saying this action will result in the resolution of 75 % of those claims. Bayer will besides assign $ 1.25 billion for future claims, an action that needs approval from the US District Court, Northern District of California. The liquidation, according to the company, does not admit either liability or error, but brings an end to indecision in the subject. [ 185 ] The settlement does not include three cases that have already gone to jury trials and are being appealed. [ 186 ] In July 2020, the California Court of Appeals denied the appeal but reduced the damages owed to $ 20.4 million. [ 187 ] The cosmopolitan consensus among national regulative agencies, and the european Commission is that label use of the herbicide poses no carcinogenic or genotoxic hazard to humans. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] In January 2020, the US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) finalized its interim registration reappraisal for Roundup, stating that it “ … did not identify any risks of concern ” for cancer and other risks to humans from glyphosate vulnerability. ” [ 185 ]

Xarelto [edit ]

In 2019, Bayer and Johnson & Johnson ( who marketplace Xarelto together ) settled approximately 25,000 lawsuits on the blood thinning drug Xarelto ( rivaroxaban ) by agreeing to disburse $ 775 million ( US ) to federal and department of state plaintiffs who said the companies had not properly warned patients about possible black bleeding as a result of ingesting the drug. There was no entree of indebtedness from the companies in the settlement as they noted they had prevailed in six previous trials. The village will be divided evenly between the companies. [ 192 ]

One A Day Vitamins [edit ]

In 2019, a union jury in San Francisco CA sided with Bayer in a $ 600 million ( US ) class action suit alleging that the company misinformed consumers by promoting its One A Day vitamins as supporting cardiac health, vigorous immune systems and boosting user energy. The befit was first gear filed as a nationally class legal action ; in 2017, the US District Court in San Francisco said subclasses of purchasers of the vitamin in Florida, New York, and California could act together. [ 193 ] The jury found that the plaintiffs failed to prove that Bayer misrepresented its One A Day claims, and besides did not demonstrate that any of the class congressman consumers who purchased One A Day relied on the alleged false information as part of their buy decision. [ 194 ]

HIV contaminant [edit ]

In the mid 1980 ‘s, when Bayer ‘s Cutter Laboratories realized that their blood products, the clotting agents Factor VIII and IX, were contaminated with HIV, the fiscal investing in the product was considered besides high to destroy the armory. Bayer misrepresented the results of its own research and wittingly supplied hemophilia medicine tainted with HIV to patients in Asia and Latin America, without the precaution of heat treating the intersection, recommended for eliminating the risk. As a consequence, thousands who infused the merchandise tested incontrovertible for HIV and late developed AIDS. [ 195 ]

Dicamba [edit ]

On 14 February 2020, Bayer and BASF were ordered to pay Missouri peach farmer Bill Bader $ 15 million in damages as a result of destruction of his peach trees which was caused by the custom of dicamba by nearby farmers. [ 196 ] Dicamba was another product which Bayer acquired from Monsanto. [ 197 ] Bayer besides inherited the lawsuit from Monsanto vitamin a well. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] On 15 February 2020, Bayer-representing Monsanto- and BASF were ordered to pay not merely the $ 15 million in damages, but an extra $ 250 million in punitive damages. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] Bayer and BASF afterwards announced plans to appeal the $ 265 million fine. [ 201 ] In June 2020, Bayer agreed to a village of up to $ 400 million for all 2015-2020 crop year dicamba claims, not including the $ 265 million judgment. [ 186 ] On 25 November 2020, U.S. District Judge Stephen Limbaugh Jr. reduced the punitive damage amount in the Bader Farms lawsuit to $ 60 million. [ 202 ]

PCB pollution [edit ]

In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay $ 800 million to settle lawsuits in a variety of jurisdictions which claimed contaminant of populace waterways with PCBs by Monsanto before 1978. [ 186 ] On 25 November 2020, however, U.S. District Judge Fernando M. Olguin rejected Bayer ‘s colony offer, which was now at $ 650 million, and allowed Monsanto-related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed. [ 203 ]

See besides [edit ]

References [edit ]

Notes [edit ]

  1. a b Peter Hayes ( Cambridge University Press, 2001 ) : “ [ O ] nebraska of the beginning acts of the american english occupation authorities in 1945 was to seize the enterprise as punishment for ‘knowingly and prominently … building up and wield German war likely ‘. Two years former, twenty-three of the firm ‘s principal officers went on trial … By the time John McCloy, the american senior high school commissioner [ for Germany ], pardoned the survive of them in 1951, IG Farben barely existed. Its holdings in the german Democratic Republic had been nationalized ; those in the Federal Republic had been divided into six, former chiefly three, freestanding corporations : BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst. ”

Sources [edit ]

Works cited [edit ]

further read [edit ]

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