Wikipedia

historical region in the Czech Republic

historical estate in Czech Republic
Bohemia ( boh-HEE-mee-ə ; [ 1 ] czech : Čechy [ ˈtʃɛxɪ ] ; [ 2 ] german : ( help · information ) ; Upper Sorbian : Čěska ; Silesian : Czechy ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the contemporary Czech Republic. Bohemia can besides refer to a wide area consist of the historic Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the gypsy kings, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, [ 3 ] in which case the smaller area is referred to american samoa Bohemia proper as a mean of distinction. [ 4 ]

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Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, late an freelancer principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a region of the Habsburg Monarchy and the austrian Empire. [ 5 ] After World War I and the constitution of an independent Czechoslovak state, the whole of Bohemia became a character of Czechoslovakia, defying claims of the german-speaking inhabitants that regions with German-speaking majority should be included in the Republic of German-Austria. Between 1938 and 1945, these border regions were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland. [ 6 ] The end of Czech territory became the Second Czechoslovak Republic, and was subsequently occupied as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In 1969, the Czech lands ( including Bohemia ) were given autonomy within Czechoslovakia as the Czech Socialist Republic. In 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which became a separate state of matter in 1993 with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. [ 6 ] Until 1948, Bohemia was an administrative whole of Czechoslovakia as one of its “ lands ” ( země ). [ 7 ] Since then, administrative reforms have replaced autonomous lands with a change system of “ regions ” ( kraje ), which do not follow the borders of the historical Czech lands ( or the regions from the 1960 and 2000 reforms ). [ 7 ] however, the three lands are mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution of the Czech Republic : “ We, citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia… ” [ 8 ] Bohemia had an area of 52,065 km2 ( 20,102 sq nautical mile ), and today is home to about 6.5 million of the Czech Republic ‘s 10.5 million inhabitants. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria ( both in Austria ), in the west by Bavaria ( in Germany ), and in the union by Saxony and Lusatia ( in Germany and Poland, respectively ), in the northeast by Silesia ( in Poland ), and in the east by Moravia ( besides part of the Czech Republic ). Bohemia ‘s borders were by and large marked by mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Giant Mountains, a part of the Sudetes compass ; the Bohemian-Moravian molding roughly follows the Elbe – Danube watershed .

etymology [edit ]

In the second century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy with assorted peoples, including the Gauls -Celtic tribe Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia ( 194 BC ) and the Battle of Mutina ( 193 BC ). Afterward, many of the Boii retreated union across the Alps. [ 9 ] much later Roman authors refer to the sphere they had once occupied ( the “ desert of the Boii ” as Pliny and Strabo called it [ 10 ] ) as Boiohaemum. The earliest note [ 9 ] was by Tacitus ‘ Germania 28 ( written at the end of the inaugural century AD ), [ 11 ] and later mentions of the same appoint are in Strabo and Velleius Paterculus. [ 12 ] The name appears to consist of the tribal name Boio- plus the Proto-Germanic noun * haimaz “ family ” ( whence Gothic haims, German Heim, Heimat, English home ), indicating a Proto-Germanic *Bajahaimaz. Boiohaemum was obviously isolated to the area where King Marobod ‘s kingdom was centred, within the Hercynian forest. Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII in his 10th-century exploit De Administrando Imperio besides mentioned the region as Boiki ( see White Serbia ). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The Czech name “ Čechy ” is derived from the name of the Slavic cultural group, the Czechs, who settled in the area during the one-sixth or one-seventh hundred AD .

history [edit ]

An 1892 map showing Bohemia proper outlined in pink, Moravia in jaundiced, and austrian Silesia in orange

Ancient Bohemia [edit ]

Bohemia, like neighbouring Bavaria, is named after the Boii, a big celtic nation known to the Romans for their migrations and settlement in northerly Italy and other places. Another separate of the nation moved west with the Helvetii into southern France, which was one of the events leading to the interventions of Julius Caesar ‘s Gaulish crusade of 58 BC. The emigration of the Helvetii and Boii left southerly Germany and Bohemia a lightly inhabited “ defect ” into which Suebic peoples arrived, speaking Germanic languages, and became dominant over remaining celtic groups. To the south, over the Danube, the Romans extended their empire, and to the southeast, in contemporary Hungary, were Dacian peoples. In the area of advanced Bohemia, the Marcomanni and other Suebic groups were led by their king, Marobodus, after they had suffered get the better of to Roman forces in Germany. He took advantage of the natural defenses provided by its mountains and forests. They were able to maintain a potent alliance with neighbouring tribes, including ( at unlike times ) the Lugii, Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, and Buri, which was sometimes partially controlled by the Roman Empire and sometimes in dispute with it ; for model, in the second century, they fought Marcus Aurelius. In late classical times and the early Middle Ages, two new Suebic groupings appeared to the west of Bohemia in southerly Germany, the Alemanni ( in the Helvetian desert ), and the Bavarians ( Baiuvarii ). many Suebic tribes from the gypsy region took separate in such movements westwards, even settling as far away as Spain and Portugal. With them were besides tribes who had pushed from the east, such as the Vandals, and Alans. early groups pushed southwards towards Pannonia. The last know mention of the Kingdom of the Marcomanni, concerning a queen named Fritigil, is from the one-fourth hundred, and she was thought to have lived in or near Pannonia. The Suebian Langobardi, who moved over many generations from the Baltic Sea, via the Elbe and Pannonia to Italy, recorded in a tribal history a time spent in “ Bainaib ”. After the Migration Period, Bohemia was partially repopulated around the one-sixth hundred, and finally Slavic tribes arrived from the east, and their linguistic process began to replace the older Germanic, Celtic, and Sarmatian ones. These are precursors of today ‘s Czechs, but the exact measure of Slavic immigration is a subject of debate. The Slavic inflow was divided into two or three waves. The first wave came from the southeast and east, when the Germanic Lombards left Bohemia ( circa 568 AD ). soon after, from the 630s to 660s, the territory was taken by Samo ‘s tribal confederation. His death marked the end of the old “ Slavonic ” alliance, the moment attempt to establish such a Slavonic union after Carantania in Carinthia. other sources ( Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii, Bavaria, 800–850 ) divide the population of Bohemia into the Merehani, Marharaii, Beheimare ( Bohemani ), and Fraganeo. ( The suffix -ani or -ni means “ people of- ” ). Christianity first appeared in the early ninth hundred, but became dominant only much later, in the 10th or eleventh hundred. The 9th hundred was crucial for the future of Bohemia. The manorial system aggressively declined, as it did in Bavaria. The influence of the cardinal Fraganeo-Czechs grew, as a result of the crucial cultic kernel in their district. They were Slavic-speaking, thus contributed to the transformation of diverse neighbor populations into a new nation named and led by them with a joined “ slavic ” heathen consciousness. [ 18 ]

Přemysl dynasty [edit ]

Bohemia was made a partially of the early Slavic state of Great Moravia, under the convention of Svatopluk I ( r. 870–894 ). After Svatopluk ‘s death Great Moravia was weakened by years of home conflict and ceaseless war, ultimately collapsing and fragmenting because of the continual incursions of the invading mobile Magyars. Bohemia ‘s initial incorporation into the Moravian Empire resulted in the extensive christianization of the population. A native monarchy arose to the throne, and Bohemia came under the rule of the Přemyslid dynasty, which would rule the Czech lands for the future respective hundred years. The Přemyslids secured their frontiers after the crumble of the moravian state of matter by entering into a express of semivassalage to the frankish rulers. The alliance was facilitated by Bohemia ‘s conversion to Christianity, in the ninth century. Continuing close relations were developed with the East Frankish Kingdom, which devolved from the Carolingian Empire, into East Francia, finally becoming the Holy Roman Empire. After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magyars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great. Bohemia would remain a largely autonomous state under the Holy Roman Empire for several decades. The legal power of the Holy Roman Empire was definitively reasserted when Jaromír of Bohemia was granted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor King Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a vassal once he reoccupied Prague with a german united states army in 1004, ending the rule of Bolesław I of Poland. The first to use the title of “ King of Bohemia ” were the Přemyslid dukes Vratislav II ( 1085 ) and Vladislav II ( 1158 ), but their heirs would return to the style of duke. The claim of king became ancestral under Ottokar I ( 1198 ). His grandson Ottokar II ( king from 1253 to 1278 ) conquered a ephemeral empire that contained modern Austria and Slovenia. The mid-13th hundred had the beginning of substantial german immigration, as the motor hotel sought to replace losses from the brief Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241. Germans settled chiefly along the northern, western, and southerly borders of Bohemia, although many lived in towns throughout the kingdom .

Luxembourg dynasty [edit ]

The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia The House of Luxembourg accepted the invitation to the Bohemian toilet with the marriage to the Premyslid heiress, Elizabeth and the crown subsequent of John I of Bohemia ( in the Czech Republic known as Jan Lucemburský ) in 1310. His son, Charles IV, became King of Bohemia in 1346. He founded Charles University in Prague, Central Europe ‘s first university, two years late. His reign brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total area, resulting in his being the foremost king of Bohemia to besides be elected as Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule, the Bohemian crown controlled such divers lands as Moravia, Silesia, Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, an area around Nuremberg called New Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered around Germany. From the thirteenth hundred on, settlements of Germans developed throughout Bohemia, making Bohemia a bilingual area. The german settlers peculiarly brought mining technology to the cragged regions of the Sudetes. In the mining town of Sankt Joachimsthal ( now Jáchymov ), celebrated coins called Joachimsthalers were coined, which gave their name to the thaler and the dollar. meanwhile, prague German intermediated between upper German and East cardinal German, influencing the foundations of advanced standard German. At the same clock time and stead, the teachings of Jan Hus, the curate of Charles University and a outstanding reformer and religious thinker, influenced the heighten of advanced Czech .

Hussite Bohemia [edit ]

The radical Hussites became known as Taborites, after the town of Tábor that became their center During the ecumenic Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus was sentenced to be burnt at the interest as a heretic. The verdict was passed despite the fact that Hus was granted formal auspices by Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg anterior to the travel. Hus was invited to attend the council to defend himself and the Czech positions in the religious court, but with the emperor ‘s approval, he was executed on 6 July 1415. The performance of Hus, arsenic well as five straight papal crusades against followers of Hus, forced the Bohemians to defend themselves in the Hussite Wars. The uprise against imperial forces was led by a early mercenary, Jan Žižka of Trocnov. As the drawing card of the Hussite armies, he used innovative tactics and weapons, such as howitzers, pistols, and fortified wagons, which were revolutionary for the time, and established Žižka as a big general who never lost a struggle. After Žižka ‘s death, Prokop the Great took over the command for the army, and under his precede the Hussites were victorious for another ten years, to the sheer panic of Europe. The Hussite campaign gradually splintered into two main factions, the control Utraquists and the more fanatic Taborites. The Utraquists began to lay the basis for an agreement with the Catholic Church and found the more radical views of the Taborites disgusting. additionally, with general war-weariness and hanker for order, the Utraquists were able to finally defeat the Taborites in the Battle of Lipany in 1434. Sigismund said after the battle that “ entirely the Bohemians could defeat the Bohemians. ” Despite an apparent victory for the Catholics, the bohemian Utraquists were still potent enough to negotiate exemption of religion in 1436. That happened in the alleged Compacts of Basel, declaring peace and exemption between Catholics and Utraquists. It lasted for only a unretentive menstruation of time, as Pope Pius II declared the compacts to be invalid in 1462.

Habsburg Monarchy [edit ]

After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria became the new king of Bohemia, and the country became a constituent state of the Habsburg Monarchy. Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and 1620, and became one of the most liberal countries of the christian worldly concern during that period. In 1609, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, who made Prague again the capital of the conglomerate at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the gypsy nobility to publish Maiestas Rudolphina, which confirmed the older Confessio Bohemica of 1575. After Emperor Matthias II and then King of Bohemia Ferdinand II ( late Holy Roman Emperor ) began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years ‘ War in 1618. Elector Frederick V of the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Calvinist Protestant, was elected by the gypsy nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the Winter King. Frederick ‘s wife, the democratic Elizabeth Stuart and subsequently, Elizabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King James VI of Scotland. After Frederick ‘s frustration in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, 27 bohemian estates leaders together with Jan Jesenius, curate of the Charles University of Prague, were executed on the Prague ‘s Old Town Square on 21 June 1621, and the stay were exiled from the country ; their lands were then given to Catholic loyalists ( largely of Bavarian and Saxon lineage ). That ended the pro-reformation motion in Bohemia and besides ended the function of Prague as ruling city of the Holy Roman Empire. In the alleged “ renewed united states constitution ” of 1627, German was established as a second official language in the Czech lands. Czech formally remained the first lyric in the kingdom, but both german and Latin were widely spoken among the opinion classes, although german became increasingly dominant, and Czech was spoken in much of the countryside. The formal independence of Bohemia was further jeopardized when the Bohemian Diet approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the indivisibility of the Habsburg Empire and the centralization of rule, which basically meant the confluence of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the austrian Chancellery. At the end of the eighteenth century, the Czech National Revival bowel movement, in cooperation with separate of the Bohemian nobility, started a campaign for restoration of the kingdom ‘s historic rights, whereby Czech was to regain its historic function and replace german as the lyric of presidency. The educated dictatorship of Joseph II and Leopold II, who introduced minor speech concessions, showed promise for the Czech movement, but many of these reforms were late rescinded. During the Revolution of 1848, many Czech nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsburg Austria, but the revolutionaries were defeated. The old bohemian Diet, one of the final remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although Czech experienced a metempsychosis as romantic nationalism developed among the Czechs. In 1861, a new elected bohemian Diet was established. The renewal of the previous bohemian Crown ( Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia ) became the official political program of both Czech big politicians and the majority of bohemian nobility ( “ department of state rights program ” ), while parties representing the german minority and small part of the gentry proclaimed their loyalty to the centralist Constitution ( alleged “ Verfassungstreue ” ). After the kill of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, hungarian politicians achieved the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867, apparently creating equality between the Austrian and Hungarian halves of the conglomerate. An undertake by the Czechs to create a tripartite monarchy ( Austria-Hungary-Bohemia ) failed in 1871. The “ state-rights course of study ” remained the official platform of all Czech political parties ( except for social democrats ) until 1918. Under the state-rights program, appealing to the stability of Bohemia ‘s borders over many centuries, the Czech emancipation motion claimed the correct to the whole of the bohemian lands over the Germans ‘ correct to the lands, amounting to a third base of Bohemia, where they formed the majority. [ 19 ]

twentieth century [edit ]

Bohemia ( westernmost area ) in Czechoslovakia 1918–1938 linguistic map of interwar Czechoslovakia ( c. 1930 ) After World War I, Bohemia ( as the largest and most populous land ) became the core of the newly formed state of Czechoslovakia, which combined Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia, Upper Hungary ( contemporary Slovakia ) and Carpathian Ruthenia into one department of state. [ 20 ] Under its first president, Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia became a liberal democratic democracy, but dangerous issues emerged regarding the Czech majority ‘s relationship with the native German and Hungarian minorities. The german Bohemians had demanded that the regions with German-speaking majority be included in a german state. Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the surround regions of Bohemia historically inhabited predominantly by heathen Germans ( the Sudetenland ) were annexed to Nazi Germany. The remnants of Bohemia and Moravia were then annexed by Germany in 1939, while the Slovak lands became the separate Slovak Republic, a puppet submit of Nazi Germany. From 1939 to 1945, Bohemia ( without the Sudetenland ), in concert with Moravia, formed the german Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ( Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren ). Any open confrontation to german occupation was viciously suppressed by the Nazi authorities, and many Czech patriots were executed as a result. In 1942, Nazi forces murdered the population of a unharmed village, Lidice. After World War II ended in 1945, after initial plans to cede lands to Germany or to create german-speaking cantons had been abandoned, [ 19 ] the huge majority of the bohemian Germans were expelled by force by the order of the re-established Czechoslovak central government, based on the Potsdam Agreement that acquiesced to large-scale heathen cleaning. The bohemian Germans ‘ property was confiscated by the Czech authorities, and according to contemporary estimates, amounted to a third of the Czechoslovak national income. Germans who were valued for their skills were allowed to stay to pass on their cognition to the Czech migrants. [ 19 ] The expulsion badly depopulated the area and from then on, locales were referred to in only their czech equivalents regardless of their former demographic makeup. The resettlement of the once German-settled areas allowed many poorer people to acquire property, therefore “ equalizing ” Czechoslovak society. [ 19 ] The Communist Party won the most votes in free elections, but not a simpleton majority. Klement Gottwald, the communist leader, became prime minister of a alliance government .
In February 1948, the non-communist members of the government resigned in protest against arbitrary measures by the communists and their soviet protectors in many of the state ‘s institutions. Gottwald and the communists responded with a coup d’état and installed a pro-Soviet authoritarian state. In 1949, Bohemia ceased to be an administrative unit of measurement of Czechoslovakia, as the area was divided into administrative regions that did not follow the historical borders. In 1989, Agnes of Bohemia became the first ideal from a cardinal european country to be canonized by Pope John Paul II before the “ Velvet Revolution “ late that class. After the Velvet Divorce in 1993, the district of Bohemia remained in the Czech Republic. The new Constitution of the Czech Republic provided for higher administrative units to be established, providing for the possibility of Bohemia as an administrative unit, but did not specify the form they would take. A constitutional act in 1997 rejected the restoration of autonomous historical Czech lands, and decided for the regional system that has been in consumption since 2000. [ 21 ] Petr Pithart, early Czech prime minister and president of the Senate at the clock, remained one of the independent advocates of the land organization, [ 22 ] claim that the primary reason for its refusal was the fear of possible moravian separationism. [ 22 ] Bohemia thus remains a historical region, and its administration is divided between the Prague, Central Bohemia, Plzeň, Karlovy Vary, Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, and Hradec Králové Regions, equally well as parts of the Pardubice, Vysočina, South Bohemian, Olomouc and South moravian Regions. [ 7 ] In accession to their use in the names of the regions, the historical land names remain in use in names of municipalities, cadastral areas, railway stations [ 23 ] or geographic names. [ 24 ] The distinction and border between the Czech lands is besides preserved in local dialects .

Kladsko [edit ]

The area around Kłodzko ( Czech : Kladsko ; german : Glatz ; Latin : Glacio ) in south-western Poland was culturally and traditionally a region of Bohemia, and was settled by german speakers like neighboring Sudetenland. Kłodzko Land has now been a part of Lower Silesia since its conquest by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1763. Referred to as “ Little Prague “ ( german : Klein-Prag ), the Kłodzko Valley area on the Nysa Kłodzka River was the focus of respective attempts to reincorporate the area into Czechoslovakia, one of several Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts. The end attack occurred in May 1945, when Czechoslovakia tried to annex the area, whose german-speaking majority was being expelled by polish authorities. The Czechs argued that because of the little Czech minority show in the western part of the Kłodzko Valley, which was called the region ‘s “ Czech Corner “ by the german majority, the sphere should go over to Czechoslovakia alternatively of being assigned to Poland, as no relevant polish minority lived in the area. press brought on by the Soviet Union led to a discontinue of military operations, with the Czech minority being expelled to Germany and Czechoslovakia. According to canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, the area remained function of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague until 1972. Capitalizing on matter to regarding the Kladsko area in the Czech national mind, a special tourist area in the Náchod District has been designated as the Kladsko Borderland Tourist Area [ 25 ] ( tourism district ; Czech : turistická oblast Kladské pomezí ). The area, entirely within the Czech Republic, was once known as the Jirásek ‘s Region ( Czech : Jiráskův kraj ), Adršpach rocks ( Czech : Adršpašské skály ) .
A view of Kłodzko, the capital city of Kłodzko Land, which is referred to as “ little prague ”

diachronic administrative divisions [edit ]

Lands of the gypsy Crown ( until 1635 ), map by Josef Pekař, 1921 Kraje of Bohemia during the Kingdom of Bohemia :