This article is about the build type. For other uses, see Stadium ( disambiguation )
A stadium ( plural stadiums or stadia ) [ 1 ] is a place or venue for ( by and large ) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partially or wholly surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event. [ 2 ]
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Pausanias noted that for about half a hundred the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stadion at Olympia, where the news “ stadium ” originated. [ 3 ] Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for association football. other popular stadium sports include football field football, baseball, cricket, the versatile codes of rugby, field lacrosse, bandy, and bullfighting. many big sports venues are besides used for concerts .
etymology [edit ]
“ stadium ” is the latin form of the Greek discussion “ stadion “ ( στάδιον ), a bill of length equalling the distance of 600 human feet. [ 4 ] As feet are of variable length the demand distance of a stadion depends on the accurate length adopted for 1 foot at a given seat and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 foot ( 180 m ), in a given diachronic context it may actually signify a length improving to 15 % larger or smaller. [ 3 ] The equivalent Roman bill, the stadium, had a alike length – about 185 m ( 607 foot ) – but rather of being defined in feet was defined using the Roman standard passus to be a distance of 125 passūs ( double-paces ). The English manipulation of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman chase of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid english plurals .
history [edit ]
The oldest know stadium is the stadium at Olympia in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held from 776 BC. initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, possibly the most celebrated being the stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavate and refurbish ancient Panathenaic Stadium hosted attempted revivals of the Olympic Games in 1870 [ 5 ] and 1875 before hosting the first modern Olympics in 1896, the 1906 Intercalated Games, and some events of the 2004 Summer Olympics. The mining and renovation of the stadium was share of the bequest of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times .
modernity [edit ]
The first gear stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the one function of fitting as many spectators in as possible. With enormous emergence in the popularity of organize mutant in the late victorian earned run average, particularly association football in the United Kingdom and baseball in the United States, the first such structures were built. [ 6 ] One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the inspiration of Henry Dunlop, who organised the beginning All Ireland Athletics Championships. Banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. “ I laid down a cinder running way of a quarter-mile, laid down the present Lansdowne Tennis Club ground with my own theodolite, started a Lansdowne archery club, a Lansdowne cricket cabaret, and last, but not least, the Lansdowne Rugby Football Club – colours red, blacken and yellow. ” Some 300 cartloads of land from a trench below the railway were used to raise the grind, allowing Dunlop to use his mastermind expertness to create a pitch envied around Ireland. other early on stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium ( opened in 1877 for the London Athletic Club ) and Anfield stadium ( 1884 as a venue for Everton F.C. ). In the U.S., many professional baseball teams built large stadiums chiefly out of forest, with the first such venue being the South End Grounds in Boston, opened in 1871 for the team then known as the Boston Beaneaters ( now the Atlanta Braves ). many of these parks caught fire, and those that did not proved inadequate for a growing bet on. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some after a few years, and none outlive today. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built association football stadium in the world. Walton -based build firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two exposed stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators. A third cover stand accommodating 3,000 spectators was besides requested. [ 7 ] Everton officials were print with the builder ‘s craft and agreed two far contracts : outside hoardings were constructed at a cost of £150 and 12 turnstiles were installed at a price of £7 each. [ 8 ] The stadium was formally opened on 24 August 1892 by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the Football Association. No football was played ; alternatively the 12,000 crowd watched a curtly racetrack and field event followed by music and a firework display. [ 7 ] Upon its completion the stadium was the first joint purpose-built football stadium in the world. [ 9 ] The architect Archibald Leitch brought his know with the construction of industrial buildings to bear on the design of functional stadiums up and down the country. His work encompassed the first 40 years of the twentieth century. One of his most celebrated designs was Old Trafford in Manchester. The ground was originally designed with a capability of 100,000 spectators and featured induct in the south base under top, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncover. [ 10 ] It was the first stadium to feature continuous seating along the contour of the stadium. [ 6 ] These early venues, in the first place designed to host football matches, were adopted for use by the Olympic Games, the first one being held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The White City Stadium, built for the 1908 Summer Olympics in London is much cited as the first advanced seater stadium, at least in the UK. Designed by the mastermind J.J. Webster and completed in 10 months by George Wimpey, [ 11 ] on the web site of the Franco-British exhibition, this stadium with a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908. [ 12 ] Upon completion, the stadium had a tend track 24 foot wide ( 7.3 meter ) and three laps to the nautical mile ( 536 megabyte ) ; outside there was a 35-foot-wide ( 11 thousand ), 660-yard ( 600 thousand ) cycle track. The baseball diamond included a swim and diving pool. The London Highbury Stadium, built in 1913, was the first stadium in the UK to feature a two-tiered seat agreement when it was redesigned in the Art Deco style in 1936. [ 6 ] During these decades, parallel stadium developments were taking rate in the U.S. The Baker Bowl, a baseball park in Philadelphia that opened in its master form in 1887 but was wholly rebuilt in 1895, broke fresh land in stadium construction in two major ways. The stadium ‘s moment personification featured the world ‘s first cantilevered irregular deck ( tier ) in a sports venue, and was the first baseball park to use steel and brick for the majority of its structure. Another influential venue was Boston ‘s Harvard Stadium, built in 1903 by Harvard University for its american football team and path and playing field program. It was the populace ‘s first stadium to use concrete-and-steel construction. In 1909, concrete-and-steel construction came to baseball with the opening of Shibe Park in Philadelphia and, a few months by and by, Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. The latter was the world ‘s first three-tiered sporting venue. The open of these parks marked the startle of the “ jewel box ” era of parking lot construction. The largest stadium crowd always was 199,854 people watching the final equal of the 1950 World Cup at Rio de Janeiro ‘s Maracanã on 16 July 1950. [ 13 ]
ancientness [edit ]
Stadiums in ancient Greece and Rome were built for unlike purposes, and at first only the Greeks build structures called “ stadium ” ; Romans built structures called “ circus “. greek stadium were for foot races, whereas the Roman circus was for knight races. Both had similar shapes and bowl-like areas around them for spectators. The Greeks besides developed the field, with its seating arrangements foreshadowing those of advanced stadiums. The Romans copied the dramaturgy, then expanded it to accommodate larger crowd and more complicate settings. The Romans besides developed the double-sized cycle dramaturgy called amphitheater, seating crowd in the tens of thousands for gladiatorial combats and animal shows. The greek stadium and theater and the Roman circus and amphitheater are all ancestral to the modern stadium. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
Examples [edit ]
Types [edit ]
Domed stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their insert roof. many of these are not actually domes in the saturated architectural sense, some being better described as vaults, some having truss -supported roofs and others having more alien designs such as a tensegrity structure. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term “ dome ” has become standard for all covered stadiums, [ 17 ] particularly because the first base such enclosed stadium, the Houston Astrodome, was built with an actual dome-shaped roof. Some stadiums have partial roof, and a few have even been designed to have movable fields as part of the infrastructure. The Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans is a true attic structure made of a lamellar multi-ringed frame and has a diameter of 680 feet ( 210 molarity ). It is the largest fixed domed structure in the world. [ 18 ] tied though enclosed, dome stadiums are called stadiums because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are by and large considered to be outdoor sports such as athletics, American football, association football, rugby, and baseball. Those designed for what are normally indoor sports like basketball, ice field hockey and volleyball are by and large called arenas. Exceptions include :
Design issues [edit ]
different sports require different play surfaces of versatile size and shape. Some stadiums are designed chiefly for a one sport while others can accommodate different events, particularly ones with retractable seat. Stadiums built specifically for association football are common in Europe ; Gaelic games stadiums, such as Croke Park, are park in Ireland, while stadiums built specifically for baseball or american football are common in the United States. The most coarse multiple practice design combines a football slope with a running track, although certain compromises must be made. The major drawback is that the stands are inevitably set back a good distance from the lurch, particularly at the ends of the pitch. In the shell of some smaller stadiums, there are not stands at the ends. When there are stands all the way around, the stadium takes on an egg-shaped shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe human body. All three configurations ( capable, egg-shaped and horseshoe ) are coarse, specially in the case of American college football stadiums. orthogonal stadiums are more coarse in Europe, particularly for football where many stadiums have four frequently distinct and identical different stands on the four sides of the stadium. These are much all of different sizes and designs and have been erected at different periods in the stadium ‘s history. The vastly differing character of european football stadiums has led to the growing hobby of footing hopping where spectators make a travel to visit the stadium for itself rather than for the event held there. In late years the swerve of building completely new egg-shaped stadiums in Europe has led to traditionalists criticising the designs as bland and lacking in the character of the erstwhile stadiums they replace. In North America, where baseball and american football are the two most popular outdoor spectator sports, a total of football/baseball multi-use stadiums were built, particularly during the 1960s, and some of them were successful. Since the requirements for baseball and football are significantly different, the drift has been toward the construction of single-purpose stadiums, beginning with Kansas City in 1972–1973 and accelerating in the 1990s. In respective cases, an american football stadium has been constructed adjacent to a baseball park, to allow for the share of common park lots and other amenities. With the rise of MLS, the construction of soccer-specific stadiums has besides increased since the recently 1990s to better fit the needs of that sport. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were constructed to fit into a especial country area or city block. This resulted in asymmetrical dimensions for many baseball fields. Yankee Stadium, for case, was built on a triangular city block in The Bronx, New York City. This resulted in a large left field property but a small right field dimension.
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Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including Fenway Park, the Polo Grounds, Wrigley Field, Comiskey Park, Tiger Stadium, Griffith Stadium, Milwaukee County Stadium, Shibe Park, Forbes Field, Yankee Stadium, and Sportsman ‘s Park were used by the National Football League or the american Football League. ( To a sealed extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with TD Ameritrade Park being used as the home stadium of the United Football League ‘s Omaha Nighthawks. ) Along with today ‘s individual use stadiums is the tendency for retro style ballparks closer to downtown areas. Oriole Park at Camden Yards was the first such ballpark for Major League Baseball to be built, using early-20th-century style with 21st-century amenities. There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces equally a lot energy as it needs to routine. [ 19 ] stadium designers often study acoustics to increase noise caused by fans ‘ voices, aiming to create a full of life atmosphere. [ 20 ]
Lighting [edit ]
Until the second coming of floodlights, most games played on large areas had to rely on natural light. Bramall Lane was reportedly the first floodlight stadium. Floodlighting in affiliation football dates as far back as 1878, when there were floodlight experimental matches at Bramall Lane, Sheffield during the colored winter afternoons. With no national grid, lights were powered by batteries and dynamoes, and were undependable. Since the development of electrical grids, ignite has been an important chemical element in stadium design, allowing games to be played after sunset, and in report, or partially covered stadiums that allow less natural light, but provide more shelter for the public .
Spectator areas and seat [edit ]
An “ all-seater ” stadium has seats for all spectators. other stadiums are designed so that all or some spectators stand to view the consequence. The condition “ all-seater ” is not coarse in the U.S., as identical few american stadiums have goodly standing-only sections. Poor stadium design has contributed to disasters, such as the Hillsborough calamity and the Heysel Stadium catastrophe. Since these, all Premier League, UEFA European Championship and FIFA World Cup qualifying matches require all spectators to be seated. Seating areas may be known as terraces, tiers, or decks. primitively set out for standing room entirely, they are now normally equipped with seating. Another terminus used in the US is bleachers, which is by and large used for seating areas with bench seats as opposed to individual seats, and which often are uncovered ; the appoint refers to the bleaching effect direct, unshaded sunlight has on the benches and patrons in those sections. many stadiums make luxury suites or boxes available to patrons at high prices. These suites can accommodate ten to thirty people, depending on the venue. luxury suites at events such as the Super Bowl can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars .
condom and security [edit ]
due to the number of people congregating in stadiums and the frequency of events, many luminary accidents have occurred in the past, some causing wound and death. For exercise, the Hillsborough catastrophe was a human squash at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England on 15 April 1989. The resulting 96 deaths and 766 injuries makes this the worst catastrophe in british sporting history. much campaign has been spent to avoid the recurrence of such events, both in design and legislation. specially where there is a sensed risk of terrorism or violence care remains high to prevent human death and keep stadiums as places where families can enjoy a public event together. In Europe and South America, during the twentieth hundred, it was coarse for fierce bands of supporters to fight inside or close to association football stadiums. In the United Kingdom they are known as hooligans. morphologic features that increase condom include separate entrance and passing accesses for each spectator pump area, specially separating accesses for family and visitor supporters, dividing walls, glass parapets, oscillation attenuation and sprinkler systems. security features that have been adopted include armed surveillance, Identity document checks, video surveillance, alloy detectors and security searches to enforce rules that forbid spectators to carry dangerous or potentially dangerous items .
Political and economic issues [edit ]
Modern stadiums, specially the largest among them, are megaprojects that can only be afforded by the largest corporations, wealthiest individuals, or government. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their teams. In North America, with its closed-league “ franchise “ system, there are fewer teams than cities which would like them. This creates enormous bargaining power for the owners of teams, whereby owners can threaten to relocate teams to other cities unless governments subsidize the construction of modern facilities. [ 21 ] In Europe and Latin America, where there are multiple affiliation football clubs in any given city, and several leagues in each nation, no such monopoly power exists, and stadiums are built primarily with individual money. Outside professional sports, governments are besides involved through the intense contest for the right to host major sporting events, primarily the Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup ( of association football ), during which cities often pledge to build newfangled stadiums on order to satisfy the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) or FIFA .
corporate naming [edit ]
In late decades, to help take the effect of the massive expense of building and maintaining a stadium, many American and european sports teams have sold the rights to the name of the facility. This tendency, which began in the 1970s, but accelerated greatly in the 1990s, has led to sponsors ‘ names being affixed to both established stadiums and newly ones. In some cases, the bodied name replaces ( with varying degrees of success ) the name by which the venue has been known for many years. But many of the more recently built stadiums, like the Volkswagen Arena in Wolfsburg, Germany, have never been known by a non-corporate name. The sponsorship phenomenon has since spread cosmopolitan. There remain a few municipally owned stadiums, which are much known by a identify that is significant to their area ( for exercise, Boston ‘s Fenway Park ). In recent years, some government-owned stadiums have besides been subject to naming-rights agreements, with some or all of the tax income often going to the team ( s ) that play there. One consequence of corporate naming has been an increase in stadium mention changes, when the namesake pot changes its name, or if it is the name agreement just expires. Phoenix ‘s Chase Field, for example, was previously known as Bank One Ballpark, but was renamed to reflect the takeover of the latter corporation. San Francisco ‘s historic Candlestick Park was renamed as 3Com Park for several years, but the mention was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and it was another two years before the raw list of Monster Cable Products ‘ Monster Park was applied. local enemy to the bodied list of that particular stadium led San Francisco ‘s city council to permanently restore the Candlestick Park name once the Monster narrow expired. More recently, in Ireland, there has been huge resistance to the rename of Dublin ‘s historic Lansdowne Road as the Aviva Stadium. Lansdowne was redeveloped as the Aviva, opening in May 2010. On the early hand, Los Angeles ‘ Great Western Forum, one of the earliest examples of corporate rename, retained its name for many years, even after the namesake bank nobelium longer existed, the corporate name being dropped only after the build late changed possession. This commit has typically been less common in countries outside the United States. A celebrated exception is the Nippon Professional Baseball league of Japan, in which many of the teams are themselves named after their parent corporations. besides, many newer european football stadiums, such as the University of Bolton and Emirates Stadiums in England and Signal Iduna Park and Allianz Arena in Germany have been corporately named. This newfangled course in corporate name ( or renaming ) is distinguishable from names of some older venues, such as Crosley Field, Wrigley Field, and the first and second Busch Stadiums, in that the parks were named by and for the club ‘s owner, which besides happened to be the name of the company owned by those clubowners. ( The stream Busch Stadium received its diagnose via a mod appointment rights agreement. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, some stadiums were temporarily renamed because FIFA prohibits sponsorship of stadiums. For example, the Allianz Arena in Munich was called the FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich during the tournament. Likewise, the like stadium will be known as the “ München Arena ” during the european Competitions. similar rules affect the Imtech Arena and Veltins-Arena. This rule applies even if the stadium presenter is an official FIFA sponsor—the Johannesburg stadium then commercially known as “ Coca-Cola Park ”, bearing the diagnose of one of FIFA ‘s major sponsors, was known by its historic name of Ellis Park Stadium during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Corporate names are besides temporarily replaced during the Olympics .
environmental issues [edit ]
Modern stadiums bring respective veto environmental issues with their construction. They require thousands of tons of materials to build, they greatly increase traffic in the area around the stadium, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well as maintaining the stadium. [ 22 ] The increased traffic around modern stadiums has led to create exposure zones says the Health Effect Institute, exposing 30-40 % of people living around the stadium to electric potential health issues. [ 23 ] Many stadiums are attempting to counteract these issues by implementing solar panels, and eminent efficiency lighting, to reduce their own carbon footprint .
music venues [edit ]
Although concerts, such as classical music, had been presented in them for decades, beginning in the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live venues for popular music, giving surface to the term “ stadium rock “, particularly for forms of hard rock and progressive rock ‘n’ roll. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when The Beatles played Shea Stadium in New York in 1965. besides crucial was the use of large stadiums for american tours by bands in the by and by 1960s, such as The Rolling Stones, Grand Funk Railroad and Led Zeppelin. The inclination developed in the mid-1970s as the increase baron of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues. [ 24 ] Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated light up shows became staples of arena rock performances. [ 25 ] Key acts from this era included Journey, REO Speedwagon, Boston, Foreigner, Styx, [ 26 ] Kiss, Peter Frampton [ 27 ] and Queen. [ 28 ] In the 1980s sphere rock became dominated by glam alloy bands, following the leash of Aerosmith [ 29 ] and including Mötley Crüe, Quiet Riot, W.A.S.P. and Ratt. [ 30 ] Since the 1980s, rock, dad and folk music stars, including the Grateful Dead, Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, and Taylor Swift, have undertaken large-scale stadium based concert tours. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ]
See besides [edit ]
Notes and references [edit ]
far read [edit ]
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